Seasonality significantly influences the dynamics of infectious diseases by affecting host-pathogen interactions through various mechanisms. Temperature, rainfall, and resource availability vary seasonally, impacting population dynamics and disease transmission. Seasonal changes can alter host behavior, contact rates, and immune defenses, as well as the development and survival of infectious stages in the environment. Mathematical models and field observations show that seasonality can lead to annual or multiyear fluctuations in disease spread and persistence. Understanding these seasonal drivers is crucial for predicting disease risks, developing control strategies, and adapting to climate change. Seasonal variations in host and parasite biology can generate outbreaks that occur annually, though distinguishing between seasonal outbreaks and drivers of epidemic parameters is important. Seasonality can cause shifts in the base of susceptible hosts through annual variations in births and deaths, or changes in immunity. Seasonal changes in host behavior and social interactions can increase transmission rates, as seen in human and wildlife systems. For example, school terms and seasonal migrations influence contact rates and transmission dynamics. Vector-borne diseases are particularly affected by seasonal changes in temperature and rainfall, which influence vector abundance, behavior, and parasite development. Seasonal rainfall can increase mosquito populations, while colder temperatures can reduce tick activity. Seasonal changes in environmental conditions also affect the survival and development of parasites in the environment, influencing transmission rates. Seasonal timing of reproduction and pulses of susceptible hosts can significantly impact disease dynamics. Annual reproduction cycles can lead to periodic increases in host abundance, affecting disease transmission. Seasonal changes in host mortality can also influence disease dynamics by altering the proportion of susceptible hosts. Seasonal changes in host susceptibility and immune defenses can affect disease transmission. Hosts may experience weakened immune responses during certain seasons, increasing their vulnerability to infections. Seasonal variations in host behavior, such as mating and breeding, can also influence transmission rates. Models incorporating seasonal forcing can help predict disease dynamics and inform control strategies. Seasonal patterns in disease outbreaks can be influenced by factors such as population density, environmental conditions, and climate change. Understanding these seasonal drivers is essential for developing effective disease prevention and control measures. Future research should focus on identifying the mechanisms behind seasonal variations in disease dynamics and improving models to better predict and manage infectious diseases.Seasonality significantly influences the dynamics of infectious diseases by affecting host-pathogen interactions through various mechanisms. Temperature, rainfall, and resource availability vary seasonally, impacting population dynamics and disease transmission. Seasonal changes can alter host behavior, contact rates, and immune defenses, as well as the development and survival of infectious stages in the environment. Mathematical models and field observations show that seasonality can lead to annual or multiyear fluctuations in disease spread and persistence. Understanding these seasonal drivers is crucial for predicting disease risks, developing control strategies, and adapting to climate change. Seasonal variations in host and parasite biology can generate outbreaks that occur annually, though distinguishing between seasonal outbreaks and drivers of epidemic parameters is important. Seasonality can cause shifts in the base of susceptible hosts through annual variations in births and deaths, or changes in immunity. Seasonal changes in host behavior and social interactions can increase transmission rates, as seen in human and wildlife systems. For example, school terms and seasonal migrations influence contact rates and transmission dynamics. Vector-borne diseases are particularly affected by seasonal changes in temperature and rainfall, which influence vector abundance, behavior, and parasite development. Seasonal rainfall can increase mosquito populations, while colder temperatures can reduce tick activity. Seasonal changes in environmental conditions also affect the survival and development of parasites in the environment, influencing transmission rates. Seasonal timing of reproduction and pulses of susceptible hosts can significantly impact disease dynamics. Annual reproduction cycles can lead to periodic increases in host abundance, affecting disease transmission. Seasonal changes in host mortality can also influence disease dynamics by altering the proportion of susceptible hosts. Seasonal changes in host susceptibility and immune defenses can affect disease transmission. Hosts may experience weakened immune responses during certain seasons, increasing their vulnerability to infections. Seasonal variations in host behavior, such as mating and breeding, can also influence transmission rates. Models incorporating seasonal forcing can help predict disease dynamics and inform control strategies. Seasonal patterns in disease outbreaks can be influenced by factors such as population density, environmental conditions, and climate change. Understanding these seasonal drivers is essential for developing effective disease prevention and control measures. Future research should focus on identifying the mechanisms behind seasonal variations in disease dynamics and improving models to better predict and manage infectious diseases.