Seed storage proteins are crucial for plant seed development, providing amino acids for germination and seedling growth. These proteins are synthesized in specific tissues and stages, regulated by nutrition, and act as nitrogen sinks. They are present in discrete protein bodies in mature seeds and exhibit polymorphism due to multigene families and post-translational modifications. Storage proteins are classified into 2S albumins, prolamins, and globulins, each with distinct structures and functions. 2S albumins are found in dicot seeds and include napins and conglutins, while prolamins are found in grasses and include glutenins, hordeins, and zeins. Globulins, such as vicilins and legumins, are widespread and include 7S and 11S types. The 2S albumins and prolamins share conserved regions and are related to the prolamin superfamily. Storage proteins are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, folded, and transported to protein bodies, where they are assembled and stored. The assembly and deposition of storage proteins involve complex processes, including folding, glycosylation, and disulfide bond formation. Genetic engineering has been used to enhance the nutritional quality of seeds by modifying storage proteins. Future research aims to improve seed protein quality and understanding of protein targeting and deposition mechanisms.Seed storage proteins are crucial for plant seed development, providing amino acids for germination and seedling growth. These proteins are synthesized in specific tissues and stages, regulated by nutrition, and act as nitrogen sinks. They are present in discrete protein bodies in mature seeds and exhibit polymorphism due to multigene families and post-translational modifications. Storage proteins are classified into 2S albumins, prolamins, and globulins, each with distinct structures and functions. 2S albumins are found in dicot seeds and include napins and conglutins, while prolamins are found in grasses and include glutenins, hordeins, and zeins. Globulins, such as vicilins and legumins, are widespread and include 7S and 11S types. The 2S albumins and prolamins share conserved regions and are related to the prolamin superfamily. Storage proteins are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum, folded, and transported to protein bodies, where they are assembled and stored. The assembly and deposition of storage proteins involve complex processes, including folding, glycosylation, and disulfide bond formation. Genetic engineering has been used to enhance the nutritional quality of seeds by modifying storage proteins. Future research aims to improve seed protein quality and understanding of protein targeting and deposition mechanisms.