This study investigates the directional self-propulsion of Leidenfrost droplets on a surface with a periodic hydrophobicity gradient (SPHG) fabricated using femtosecond laser technology. The SPHG is created by modulating the wettability of the surface through varying laser fluences, resulting in different hydrophobicity periods. The researchers found that the vapor layer between the droplets and the hot surface can be modulated by the SPHG, leading to directional propulsion of the inner gas. This propulsion is driven by the viscous force between the gas and liquid. The study also examines the influence of temperature, droplet volume, and drop height on the self-propulsion process. The results show that the critical temperature for continuous bouncing of droplets increases with decreasing hydrophobicity, and the maximum velocity of Leidenfrost droplets is influenced by temperature and drop height. The directional rotational motion of the droplet fluid inside the SPHG is also observed, indicating that the gas layer acts as a driving force for the droplet's movement. This work provides a novel method for controlling droplet movement and expands the applications of Leidenfrost droplets in microfluidic devices and other fields.This study investigates the directional self-propulsion of Leidenfrost droplets on a surface with a periodic hydrophobicity gradient (SPHG) fabricated using femtosecond laser technology. The SPHG is created by modulating the wettability of the surface through varying laser fluences, resulting in different hydrophobicity periods. The researchers found that the vapor layer between the droplets and the hot surface can be modulated by the SPHG, leading to directional propulsion of the inner gas. This propulsion is driven by the viscous force between the gas and liquid. The study also examines the influence of temperature, droplet volume, and drop height on the self-propulsion process. The results show that the critical temperature for continuous bouncing of droplets increases with decreasing hydrophobicity, and the maximum velocity of Leidenfrost droplets is influenced by temperature and drop height. The directional rotational motion of the droplet fluid inside the SPHG is also observed, indicating that the gas layer acts as a driving force for the droplet's movement. This work provides a novel method for controlling droplet movement and expands the applications of Leidenfrost droplets in microfluidic devices and other fields.