Black phosphorus, a layered semiconductor, has garnered significant attention for its unique properties and potential in electronic and optoelectronic applications. First synthesized in 1914, black phosphorus is a rare allotrope of phosphorus with a layered structure, capable of being reduced to a single atomic layer, known as phosphorene. This material exhibits distinct physical and transport properties compared to its bulk counterpart, making it a promising candidate for advanced devices. The synthesis of black phosphorus involves high-pressure and high-temperature conditions, with methods such as the Bridgman method and mercury-flux method being commonly used. Black phosphorus has a layered structure with a unique van der Waals arrangement, allowing for significant changes in physical properties when reduced to a single atomic layer. Its electronic structure is characterized by a direct band gap, which is highly dependent on the number of layers, ranging from 0.3 eV in few-layer forms to over 1 eV in single-layer forms. Carrier transport in black phosphorus is notable for its high mobility, with hole mobility being significantly higher than electron mobility. The material's properties are sensitive to pressure, with changes in band gap and conductivity observed under different pressures. Black phosphorus also exhibits superconductivity under high pressure, indicating its potential for novel electronic applications. In terms of device applications, black phosphorus has been used in field-effect transistors, demonstrating high performance with improved drain current and mobility compared to traditional TMD-based transistors. Its anisotropic transport properties make it suitable for optoelectronic devices, with applications in photodetectors, photodiodes, and solar cells. The unique properties of phosphorene, a single-layer form of black phosphorus, further enhance its potential in electronic and optoelectronic applications. Research on black phosphorus continues to explore its fundamental properties, synthesis methods, and potential applications. Challenges remain in isolating and stabilizing single-layer phosphorene, as well as in understanding its unique electronic and optical properties. Future research aims to address these challenges and further develop the material for advanced electronic and optoelectronic devices.Black phosphorus, a layered semiconductor, has garnered significant attention for its unique properties and potential in electronic and optoelectronic applications. First synthesized in 1914, black phosphorus is a rare allotrope of phosphorus with a layered structure, capable of being reduced to a single atomic layer, known as phosphorene. This material exhibits distinct physical and transport properties compared to its bulk counterpart, making it a promising candidate for advanced devices. The synthesis of black phosphorus involves high-pressure and high-temperature conditions, with methods such as the Bridgman method and mercury-flux method being commonly used. Black phosphorus has a layered structure with a unique van der Waals arrangement, allowing for significant changes in physical properties when reduced to a single atomic layer. Its electronic structure is characterized by a direct band gap, which is highly dependent on the number of layers, ranging from 0.3 eV in few-layer forms to over 1 eV in single-layer forms. Carrier transport in black phosphorus is notable for its high mobility, with hole mobility being significantly higher than electron mobility. The material's properties are sensitive to pressure, with changes in band gap and conductivity observed under different pressures. Black phosphorus also exhibits superconductivity under high pressure, indicating its potential for novel electronic applications. In terms of device applications, black phosphorus has been used in field-effect transistors, demonstrating high performance with improved drain current and mobility compared to traditional TMD-based transistors. Its anisotropic transport properties make it suitable for optoelectronic devices, with applications in photodetectors, photodiodes, and solar cells. The unique properties of phosphorene, a single-layer form of black phosphorus, further enhance its potential in electronic and optoelectronic applications. Research on black phosphorus continues to explore its fundamental properties, synthesis methods, and potential applications. Challenges remain in isolating and stabilizing single-layer phosphorene, as well as in understanding its unique electronic and optical properties. Future research aims to address these challenges and further develop the material for advanced electronic and optoelectronic devices.