The article reviews sex differences in anxiety and depression, focusing on clinical aspects such as the emergence of these differences across developmental stages and the impact of reproductive events. It highlights the higher prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders in women compared to men, particularly during adolescence and early adulthood. The review discusses the biological, cultural, and experiential factors that may underlie these differences, including brain structure and function, exposure to reproductive hormones, social expectations, and life experiences. Key topics include the impact of prenatal and postnatal factors, hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause, and the role of stress and adversity in shaping vulnerability to affective disorders. The article also examines specific disorders such as major depression, bipolar disorder, seasonal affective disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobias, highlighting sex differences in their prevalence, symptom profiles, and treatment responses. The review concludes by discussing the complex interplay between biological, cultural, and experiential factors in understanding and addressing sex differences in affective disorders.The article reviews sex differences in anxiety and depression, focusing on clinical aspects such as the emergence of these differences across developmental stages and the impact of reproductive events. It highlights the higher prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders in women compared to men, particularly during adolescence and early adulthood. The review discusses the biological, cultural, and experiential factors that may underlie these differences, including brain structure and function, exposure to reproductive hormones, social expectations, and life experiences. Key topics include the impact of prenatal and postnatal factors, hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause, and the role of stress and adversity in shaping vulnerability to affective disorders. The article also examines specific disorders such as major depression, bipolar disorder, seasonal affective disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, and specific phobias, highlighting sex differences in their prevalence, symptom profiles, and treatment responses. The review concludes by discussing the complex interplay between biological, cultural, and experiential factors in understanding and addressing sex differences in affective disorders.