This study investigates the dynamics of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) signaling pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana following attacks by various microbial pathogens and herbivorous insects. The authors monitored the production of these signaling molecules and analyzed global gene expression profiles to understand how plants integrate pathogen- and insect-induced signals into specific defense responses. The results show that the kinetics of SA, JA, and ET production vary significantly among different plant-attacker combinations, both in terms of quantity and timing. Global gene expression analysis revealed that stress-related genes are overrepresented in all combinations, indicating a common role in the plant's defense response. However, consistent changes induced by pathogens and insects with different modes of attack often overlap, suggesting that JA plays a dominant role in the transcriptional reprogramming of Arabidopsis. The study highlights the complex interplay between SA, JA, and ET signaling pathways and other regulatory mechanisms in shaping the plant's specific defense response to different attackers.This study investigates the dynamics of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) signaling pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana following attacks by various microbial pathogens and herbivorous insects. The authors monitored the production of these signaling molecules and analyzed global gene expression profiles to understand how plants integrate pathogen- and insect-induced signals into specific defense responses. The results show that the kinetics of SA, JA, and ET production vary significantly among different plant-attacker combinations, both in terms of quantity and timing. Global gene expression analysis revealed that stress-related genes are overrepresented in all combinations, indicating a common role in the plant's defense response. However, consistent changes induced by pathogens and insects with different modes of attack often overlap, suggesting that JA plays a dominant role in the transcriptional reprogramming of Arabidopsis. The study highlights the complex interplay between SA, JA, and ET signaling pathways and other regulatory mechanisms in shaping the plant's specific defense response to different attackers.