NF-κB is a critical transcription factor involved in numerous biological processes, including immune responses, inflammation, and development. This review summarizes the current understanding of NF-κB signaling pathways, focusing on the regulation of IKK activation and NF-κB transcriptional activity. NF-κB is typically regulated by the classical and alternative pathways. In the classical pathway, activation of IKKβ leads to the phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα, allowing NF-κB to translocate to the nucleus and regulate gene expression. In the alternative pathway, IKKα is activated, leading to the processing of p100 into p52, which forms heterodimers with RelB. These pathways are regulated by various signaling molecules, including TRAF, NIK, and the IKK complex. The NF-κB family includes several members, such as p65, RelB, c-Rel, p50, and p52, which form dimers and interact with IκB proteins to regulate their activity. The regulation of NF-κB is complex, involving multiple steps, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and degradation of IκB proteins. The balance between cytosolic and nuclear localization of NF-κB is crucial for its function. The role of NF-κB in immune responses is well established, as it regulates the expression of cytokines, growth factors, and effector enzymes in response to various stimuli. However, the diverse biological roles of NF-κB raise questions about the common mechanisms that regulate its signaling in different systems. The signaling pathways leading to NF-κB activation are diverse, with different stimuli activating distinct pathways. For example, TNFα signaling activates the classical pathway, while the alternative pathway is activated by signals such as LTβR, BAFFR, and CD40. The signaling pathways involve various adapter molecules, including TRAF, NIK, and the IKK complex, which are crucial for the activation and regulation of NF-κB. The study of these pathways has revealed the importance of various signaling molecules in the regulation of NF-κB activity, and the complexity of these pathways highlights the need for further research to fully understand the mechanisms underlying NF-κB signaling.NF-κB is a critical transcription factor involved in numerous biological processes, including immune responses, inflammation, and development. This review summarizes the current understanding of NF-κB signaling pathways, focusing on the regulation of IKK activation and NF-κB transcriptional activity. NF-κB is typically regulated by the classical and alternative pathways. In the classical pathway, activation of IKKβ leads to the phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα, allowing NF-κB to translocate to the nucleus and regulate gene expression. In the alternative pathway, IKKα is activated, leading to the processing of p100 into p52, which forms heterodimers with RelB. These pathways are regulated by various signaling molecules, including TRAF, NIK, and the IKK complex. The NF-κB family includes several members, such as p65, RelB, c-Rel, p50, and p52, which form dimers and interact with IκB proteins to regulate their activity. The regulation of NF-κB is complex, involving multiple steps, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and degradation of IκB proteins. The balance between cytosolic and nuclear localization of NF-κB is crucial for its function. The role of NF-κB in immune responses is well established, as it regulates the expression of cytokines, growth factors, and effector enzymes in response to various stimuli. However, the diverse biological roles of NF-κB raise questions about the common mechanisms that regulate its signaling in different systems. The signaling pathways leading to NF-κB activation are diverse, with different stimuli activating distinct pathways. For example, TNFα signaling activates the classical pathway, while the alternative pathway is activated by signals such as LTβR, BAFFR, and CD40. The signaling pathways involve various adapter molecules, including TRAF, NIK, and the IKK complex, which are crucial for the activation and regulation of NF-κB. The study of these pathways has revealed the importance of various signaling molecules in the regulation of NF-κB activity, and the complexity of these pathways highlights the need for further research to fully understand the mechanisms underlying NF-κB signaling.