Silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) are promising in sustainable agriculture for their ability to alleviate biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. This review summarizes the synthesis, uptake, translocation, and application of SiNPs in agriculture. SiNPs can be synthesized using physical, chemical, and biological methods, with green synthesis using agricultural waste being particularly suitable for large-scale production. SiNPs are absorbed and translocated differently from regular silicon, influenced by plant factors and SiNPs properties. Under stress, SiNPs can regulate plant stress acclimation at multiple levels and act as nanocarriers for pesticides and growth regulators, enhancing plant growth and yield. Key issues for further research include effective synthesis and modification methods, molecular mechanisms of stress resistance, and systematic effects on agricultural ecosystems. SiNPs show significant potential in promoting plant growth, improving soil properties, and reducing pesticide residues. They are effective against pathogens, pests, metal stress, salt stress, and drought stress by enhancing plant defenses, modulating antioxidant systems, and improving nutrient uptake. SiNPs also serve as pesticide carriers, improving delivery efficiency and reducing environmental impact. The review highlights the need for further research to optimize SiNPs application in sustainable agriculture.Silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) are promising in sustainable agriculture for their ability to alleviate biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. This review summarizes the synthesis, uptake, translocation, and application of SiNPs in agriculture. SiNPs can be synthesized using physical, chemical, and biological methods, with green synthesis using agricultural waste being particularly suitable for large-scale production. SiNPs are absorbed and translocated differently from regular silicon, influenced by plant factors and SiNPs properties. Under stress, SiNPs can regulate plant stress acclimation at multiple levels and act as nanocarriers for pesticides and growth regulators, enhancing plant growth and yield. Key issues for further research include effective synthesis and modification methods, molecular mechanisms of stress resistance, and systematic effects on agricultural ecosystems. SiNPs show significant potential in promoting plant growth, improving soil properties, and reducing pesticide residues. They are effective against pathogens, pests, metal stress, salt stress, and drought stress by enhancing plant defenses, modulating antioxidant systems, and improving nutrient uptake. SiNPs also serve as pesticide carriers, improving delivery efficiency and reducing environmental impact. The review highlights the need for further research to optimize SiNPs application in sustainable agriculture.