The article "Social and Commercial Entrepreneurship: Same, Different, or Both?" by James Austin, Howard Stevenson, and Jane Wei-Skillern, published in the *Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice Journal* in 2006, explores the similarities and differences between social and commercial entrepreneurship. The authors aim to provide a comparative analysis to develop a more systematic and effective approach to social entrepreneurship. The article begins by highlighting the rise of social entrepreneurship, defined as entrepreneurial activity with a social purpose, and its increasing importance in recent decades. It notes that while commercial entrepreneurship has been extensively studied, social entrepreneurship is still emerging as an area for academic inquiry. The authors define social entrepreneurship as innovative, social value-creating activity that can occur within or across the nonprofit, business, or government sectors. The article identifies four key areas of distinction between social and commercial entrepreneurship: market failure, mission, resource mobilization, and performance measurement. Market failure creates opportunities for social entrepreneurs to address unmet social needs, while commercial entrepreneurs focus on economic returns. Social entrepreneurs often face more challenges in resource mobilization due to their focus on social rather than financial returns, and they struggle with measuring social impact due to its intangible nature. The authors then apply a commercial entrepreneurship model, the PCDO (people, context, deal, opportunity) framework, to social entrepreneurship. They explore how this framework can be adapted to understand and manage social entrepreneurial processes. The article provides case studies to illustrate the differences and similarities in each of the PCDO elements, emphasizing the need for social entrepreneurs to be strategic in their growth and resource management. Overall, the article concludes by offering implications for social entrepreneurial practice and research, suggesting that a better understanding of the differences between social and commercial entrepreneurship can lead to more effective approaches to social entrepreneurship.The article "Social and Commercial Entrepreneurship: Same, Different, or Both?" by James Austin, Howard Stevenson, and Jane Wei-Skillern, published in the *Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice Journal* in 2006, explores the similarities and differences between social and commercial entrepreneurship. The authors aim to provide a comparative analysis to develop a more systematic and effective approach to social entrepreneurship. The article begins by highlighting the rise of social entrepreneurship, defined as entrepreneurial activity with a social purpose, and its increasing importance in recent decades. It notes that while commercial entrepreneurship has been extensively studied, social entrepreneurship is still emerging as an area for academic inquiry. The authors define social entrepreneurship as innovative, social value-creating activity that can occur within or across the nonprofit, business, or government sectors. The article identifies four key areas of distinction between social and commercial entrepreneurship: market failure, mission, resource mobilization, and performance measurement. Market failure creates opportunities for social entrepreneurs to address unmet social needs, while commercial entrepreneurs focus on economic returns. Social entrepreneurs often face more challenges in resource mobilization due to their focus on social rather than financial returns, and they struggle with measuring social impact due to its intangible nature. The authors then apply a commercial entrepreneurship model, the PCDO (people, context, deal, opportunity) framework, to social entrepreneurship. They explore how this framework can be adapted to understand and manage social entrepreneurial processes. The article provides case studies to illustrate the differences and similarities in each of the PCDO elements, emphasizing the need for social entrepreneurs to be strategic in their growth and resource management. Overall, the article concludes by offering implications for social entrepreneurial practice and research, suggesting that a better understanding of the differences between social and commercial entrepreneurship can lead to more effective approaches to social entrepreneurship.