A review of recent research on the social and economic impacts of climate highlights the significant influence of climate factors on societies and economies. Climate influences health, agriculture, economics, conflict, migration, and demographics. High temperatures reduce crop yields, increase electricity demand, and may trigger population movements. Tropical cyclones cause mortality, damage assets, and reduce economic output. Precipitation extremes harm economies and populations, particularly in agriculturally dependent settings. These effects are often substantial, with temperature depressing U.S. maize yields by about 48% and warming since 1980 increasing conflict risk in Africa by 11%. Future warming may slow global economic growth by 0.28 percentage points per year. Recent advances in computing, data availability, and study design allow researchers to draw generalizable causal inferences linking climatic events to social outcomes. Temperature has a remarkable influence on human systems, affecting mortality, fetal and infant health, and aggression. Current climate conditions impose economic and social burdens on populations today that rival those of projected end-of-century impacts. For example, current temperature climatologies slow global economic growth by about 0.25 percentage points per year. Research shows that climate affects social and economic outcomes through two pathways: informational and direct. Informational effects occur when individuals prepare for climate conditions, while direct effects result from changes in weather events. Adaptations may alter the overall direct effect of specific weather events. Climate data can be mapped onto social and economic systems, and statistical methods are used to identify causal effects. Climate influences societies in numerous dimensions and at many scales. It affects individual health, trade networks, and countries, and can fracture social linkages, triggering violence or migration. Climate impacts health through mortality and morbidity, with extreme heat and cold affecting mortality rates. Cold days have delayed and smaller effects, while hot days generate immediate mortality. Tropical cyclones and extreme rainfall events also influence mortality, particularly in poor agricultural contexts. Climate affects agricultural yields, with temperature being a key factor. High temperatures reduce crop yields, and temperature impacts generally outweigh those of rainfall. However, low and very high total seasonal rainfall levels also damage yields. Labor supply and productivity are affected by heat stress, reducing work intensity and cognitive performance. Energy supply and demand are influenced by climate, with high temperatures increasing energy demand and straining supply. Trade is affected by climate, with high temperatures reducing the quantity of goods exported and cyclones reducing imports. Climate can also affect how populations decide to trade with one another, influencing market prices and economic activities. Economy-wide effects of climate include impacts on GDP, with low rainfall slowing national incomes and temperatures having a nonlinear effect on economic production. Climate influences social interactions, particularly for women and girls, who may experience changes in personal relationships and bargaining positions due to economic pressure. Overall, climate is a major factor in social and economic outcomes, and research continues to explore the mechanisms driving these effects to inform policy and adaptation strategies.A review of recent research on the social and economic impacts of climate highlights the significant influence of climate factors on societies and economies. Climate influences health, agriculture, economics, conflict, migration, and demographics. High temperatures reduce crop yields, increase electricity demand, and may trigger population movements. Tropical cyclones cause mortality, damage assets, and reduce economic output. Precipitation extremes harm economies and populations, particularly in agriculturally dependent settings. These effects are often substantial, with temperature depressing U.S. maize yields by about 48% and warming since 1980 increasing conflict risk in Africa by 11%. Future warming may slow global economic growth by 0.28 percentage points per year. Recent advances in computing, data availability, and study design allow researchers to draw generalizable causal inferences linking climatic events to social outcomes. Temperature has a remarkable influence on human systems, affecting mortality, fetal and infant health, and aggression. Current climate conditions impose economic and social burdens on populations today that rival those of projected end-of-century impacts. For example, current temperature climatologies slow global economic growth by about 0.25 percentage points per year. Research shows that climate affects social and economic outcomes through two pathways: informational and direct. Informational effects occur when individuals prepare for climate conditions, while direct effects result from changes in weather events. Adaptations may alter the overall direct effect of specific weather events. Climate data can be mapped onto social and economic systems, and statistical methods are used to identify causal effects. Climate influences societies in numerous dimensions and at many scales. It affects individual health, trade networks, and countries, and can fracture social linkages, triggering violence or migration. Climate impacts health through mortality and morbidity, with extreme heat and cold affecting mortality rates. Cold days have delayed and smaller effects, while hot days generate immediate mortality. Tropical cyclones and extreme rainfall events also influence mortality, particularly in poor agricultural contexts. Climate affects agricultural yields, with temperature being a key factor. High temperatures reduce crop yields, and temperature impacts generally outweigh those of rainfall. However, low and very high total seasonal rainfall levels also damage yields. Labor supply and productivity are affected by heat stress, reducing work intensity and cognitive performance. Energy supply and demand are influenced by climate, with high temperatures increasing energy demand and straining supply. Trade is affected by climate, with high temperatures reducing the quantity of goods exported and cyclones reducing imports. Climate can also affect how populations decide to trade with one another, influencing market prices and economic activities. Economy-wide effects of climate include impacts on GDP, with low rainfall slowing national incomes and temperatures having a nonlinear effect on economic production. Climate influences social interactions, particularly for women and girls, who may experience changes in personal relationships and bargaining positions due to economic pressure. Overall, climate is a major factor in social and economic outcomes, and research continues to explore the mechanisms driving these effects to inform policy and adaptation strategies.