Soil liquefaction sites following the February 6, 2023, Kahramanmaraş-Türkiye earthquake sequence

Soil liquefaction sites following the February 6, 2023, Kahramanmaraş-Türkiye earthquake sequence

18 March 2024 | Kemal Onder Cetin, Berkan Soylemez, Hayri Guzel, Elife Cakir
The 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake sequence in Turkey, triggered by two major earthquakes (M7.8 and M7.6) on February 6, 2023, resulted in significant damage to both natural and built environments. Seismically induced soil liquefaction was a major cause of this damage. Field investigations were conducted to document the extent of liquefaction, which manifested as soil ejecta, excessive foundation and ground deformations. Samples from these sites were collected and analyzed to assess their characteristics. The study identified 428 liquefaction case history sites across six geographical regions: L1 through L6. These sites were characterized by soil ejecta samples, which were predominantly classified as sands with varying degrees of fines. Laboratory tests revealed that most of the fine-grained ejecta samples were low plasticity clays (CL), with liquid limits between 32% and 38% and plasticity indices ranging from 16 to 23%. However, two samples from Hatay airport showed higher plasticity indices, one classified as high plasticity clay (CH). The majority of the fine-grained ejecta samples fell within the "Zone B: Testing Recommended" region of the Seed et al. (2003) liquefaction susceptibility chart. Notably, 12 out of 74 samples fell outside the susceptibility limits defined by Seed et al., suggesting that clayey soils can produce liquefied ejecta under cyclic loading. Detailed site investigations and laboratory testing are ongoing to further understand this unexpected response. Until these studies provide more definitive results, the liquefaction susceptibility of silty-clayey soil mixtures should be assessed with caution. The findings contribute to the current understanding and practice of assessing the cyclic response of fine-grained soils in seismically active regions.The 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake sequence in Turkey, triggered by two major earthquakes (M7.8 and M7.6) on February 6, 2023, resulted in significant damage to both natural and built environments. Seismically induced soil liquefaction was a major cause of this damage. Field investigations were conducted to document the extent of liquefaction, which manifested as soil ejecta, excessive foundation and ground deformations. Samples from these sites were collected and analyzed to assess their characteristics. The study identified 428 liquefaction case history sites across six geographical regions: L1 through L6. These sites were characterized by soil ejecta samples, which were predominantly classified as sands with varying degrees of fines. Laboratory tests revealed that most of the fine-grained ejecta samples were low plasticity clays (CL), with liquid limits between 32% and 38% and plasticity indices ranging from 16 to 23%. However, two samples from Hatay airport showed higher plasticity indices, one classified as high plasticity clay (CH). The majority of the fine-grained ejecta samples fell within the "Zone B: Testing Recommended" region of the Seed et al. (2003) liquefaction susceptibility chart. Notably, 12 out of 74 samples fell outside the susceptibility limits defined by Seed et al., suggesting that clayey soils can produce liquefied ejecta under cyclic loading. Detailed site investigations and laboratory testing are ongoing to further understand this unexpected response. Until these studies provide more definitive results, the liquefaction susceptibility of silty-clayey soil mixtures should be assessed with caution. The findings contribute to the current understanding and practice of assessing the cyclic response of fine-grained soils in seismically active regions.
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