The article discusses the role of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) in transforming soil phosphorus (P) into forms that plants can absorb and utilize. PSMs, including bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and cyanobacteria, play a crucial role in P cycling by dissolving inorganic P into soluble forms and enhancing plant P acquisition. The mechanisms of P solubilization by PSMs include the secretion of organic acids, enzymatic hydrolysis, and mycorrhizal symbiosis. Organic acids, such as gluconic, lactic, citric, and oxalic acids, compete with phosphate ions for binding sites on soil particles, reducing soil adsorption and increasing the availability of P. Enzymatic hydrolysis, particularly by phytase and phosphatase, mineralizes organic P into inorganic P that can be absorbed by plants. Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, increasing the range of P absorption and transport to root cells. The article also highlights the importance of co-inoculation of PSMs with other functional microorganisms, such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria and biocontrol bacteria, to enhance plant growth and nutrient uptake. Additionally, it explores the genetic basis of P solubilization, focusing on genes related to organic acid synthesis and phosphatase production. The authors conclude by emphasizing the need for further research to expand the application of PSMs in agriculture and to understand the complex interactions between PSMs and plants.The article discusses the role of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) in transforming soil phosphorus (P) into forms that plants can absorb and utilize. PSMs, including bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, and cyanobacteria, play a crucial role in P cycling by dissolving inorganic P into soluble forms and enhancing plant P acquisition. The mechanisms of P solubilization by PSMs include the secretion of organic acids, enzymatic hydrolysis, and mycorrhizal symbiosis. Organic acids, such as gluconic, lactic, citric, and oxalic acids, compete with phosphate ions for binding sites on soil particles, reducing soil adsorption and increasing the availability of P. Enzymatic hydrolysis, particularly by phytase and phosphatase, mineralizes organic P into inorganic P that can be absorbed by plants. Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, increasing the range of P absorption and transport to root cells. The article also highlights the importance of co-inoculation of PSMs with other functional microorganisms, such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria and biocontrol bacteria, to enhance plant growth and nutrient uptake. Additionally, it explores the genetic basis of P solubilization, focusing on genes related to organic acid synthesis and phosphatase production. The authors conclude by emphasizing the need for further research to expand the application of PSMs in agriculture and to understand the complex interactions between PSMs and plants.