Spin Hall effect

Spin Hall effect

February 24, 1999 | J. E. Hirsch
The spin Hall effect is proposed as a phenomenon where a transverse spin imbalance is generated when a charge current circulates in a paramagnetic metal, leading to a 'spin Hall voltage'. Similarly, a transverse charge imbalance is generated when a spin current circulates, resulting in a Hall voltage in the absence of charge current and magnetic field. The paper proposes an experiment to generate and detect a spin current in a paramagnetic metal. In ferromagnetic metals, the Hall resistivity is given by $\rho_{H}=R_{o}B+4\pi R_{s}M$, where $R_{o}$ is the ordinary Hall coefficient and $R_{s}$ is the anomalous Hall coefficient. The anomalous Hall effect is attributed to various mechanisms, including skew scattering by impurities and phonons, and the 'side jump' mechanism. The paper argues that the anomalous Hall effect is due to the transverse force experienced by electrons with spin and magnetic moment in a longitudinal electric field. In a paramagnetic metal or doped semiconductor, a charge current in the x-direction leads to a spin imbalance, with an excess of up spins on one side and down spins on the opposite side. This spin imbalance can be detected by measuring the difference in magnetization at both edges of the sample. However, this is challenging due to the large magnetic field generated by the current flow. An alternative method involves connecting the edges of the sample with a transverse metal strip, which allows a spin current to flow. The spin current can be detected by measuring a transverse voltage generated by the spin imbalance. The voltage is given by $V_{SC}=8\pi^{2}R_{s}^{2}l\frac{(n\mu_{B})^{2}}{\rho}j_{x}$, where $R_{s}$ is the anomalous Hall coefficient, $l$ is the width of the transverse strip, $n$ is the total conduction electron concentration, $\mu_{B}$ is the Bohr magneton, and $j_{x}$ is the longitudinal current density. The experiment involves a sample with a thin insulating layer and small contact areas for metallic contact between the longitudinal and transverse strips. The voltage drop across the contacts should be much smaller than the signal voltage. The sign of the expected signal is opposite to the voltage drop across the contacts. The experiment could provide information on the magnitude and temperature dependence of the anomalous Hall coefficient, the scattering mechanisms responsible for $R_{s}$, and the role of electron spin in the effect. The experiment could have practical applications in spin electronics. It could also be studied in two-dimensional systems, such as electron bilayer systems in GaAs double quantum well structures. The results could provide insights into the spin Hall effect and its potential applications in spintronics.The spin Hall effect is proposed as a phenomenon where a transverse spin imbalance is generated when a charge current circulates in a paramagnetic metal, leading to a 'spin Hall voltage'. Similarly, a transverse charge imbalance is generated when a spin current circulates, resulting in a Hall voltage in the absence of charge current and magnetic field. The paper proposes an experiment to generate and detect a spin current in a paramagnetic metal. In ferromagnetic metals, the Hall resistivity is given by $\rho_{H}=R_{o}B+4\pi R_{s}M$, where $R_{o}$ is the ordinary Hall coefficient and $R_{s}$ is the anomalous Hall coefficient. The anomalous Hall effect is attributed to various mechanisms, including skew scattering by impurities and phonons, and the 'side jump' mechanism. The paper argues that the anomalous Hall effect is due to the transverse force experienced by electrons with spin and magnetic moment in a longitudinal electric field. In a paramagnetic metal or doped semiconductor, a charge current in the x-direction leads to a spin imbalance, with an excess of up spins on one side and down spins on the opposite side. This spin imbalance can be detected by measuring the difference in magnetization at both edges of the sample. However, this is challenging due to the large magnetic field generated by the current flow. An alternative method involves connecting the edges of the sample with a transverse metal strip, which allows a spin current to flow. The spin current can be detected by measuring a transverse voltage generated by the spin imbalance. The voltage is given by $V_{SC}=8\pi^{2}R_{s}^{2}l\frac{(n\mu_{B})^{2}}{\rho}j_{x}$, where $R_{s}$ is the anomalous Hall coefficient, $l$ is the width of the transverse strip, $n$ is the total conduction electron concentration, $\mu_{B}$ is the Bohr magneton, and $j_{x}$ is the longitudinal current density. The experiment involves a sample with a thin insulating layer and small contact areas for metallic contact between the longitudinal and transverse strips. The voltage drop across the contacts should be much smaller than the signal voltage. The sign of the expected signal is opposite to the voltage drop across the contacts. The experiment could provide information on the magnitude and temperature dependence of the anomalous Hall coefficient, the scattering mechanisms responsible for $R_{s}$, and the role of electron spin in the effect. The experiment could have practical applications in spin electronics. It could also be studied in two-dimensional systems, such as electron bilayer systems in GaAs double quantum well structures. The results could provide insights into the spin Hall effect and its potential applications in spintronics.
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