The article reviews the spintronics and pseudospintronics of graphene and topological insulators, focusing on their unique properties and potential applications. Graphene and topological insulators are described by massless Dirac equations, but differ significantly in their spin-orbit coupling strengths. Graphene has weak spin-orbit coupling, making it an effective spin-conserving material, while topological insulators have strong spin-orbit coupling, making them suitable for spin-generation. The article discusses the challenges and progress in achieving long spin relaxation times in graphene and large current-induced spin polarizations in topological insulators. It also explores the differences in magnetic responses and dilute-moment coupling properties between the two systems, and highlights the potential of bilayer graphene for pseudospintronics, including layer-pseudospin giant magnetoresistance. The article concludes by discussing future research directions, emphasizing the potential of gate-tunable dilute-moment magnetism and pseudospintronics in graphene and topological insulators.The article reviews the spintronics and pseudospintronics of graphene and topological insulators, focusing on their unique properties and potential applications. Graphene and topological insulators are described by massless Dirac equations, but differ significantly in their spin-orbit coupling strengths. Graphene has weak spin-orbit coupling, making it an effective spin-conserving material, while topological insulators have strong spin-orbit coupling, making them suitable for spin-generation. The article discusses the challenges and progress in achieving long spin relaxation times in graphene and large current-induced spin polarizations in topological insulators. It also explores the differences in magnetic responses and dilute-moment coupling properties between the two systems, and highlights the potential of bilayer graphene for pseudospintronics, including layer-pseudospin giant magnetoresistance. The article concludes by discussing future research directions, emphasizing the potential of gate-tunable dilute-moment magnetism and pseudospintronics in graphene and topological insulators.