The 2012 Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes provide comprehensive guidelines for the management of diabetes, emphasizing the need for ongoing patient education and support to prevent acute and long-term complications. The standards cover various aspects of diabetes care, including classification, diagnosis, testing, and management. Key points include: 1. **Classification and Diagnosis**: - Diabetes is classified into four types: Type 1, Type 2, other specific types, and gestational diabetes. - Diagnosis is based on fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), or A1C levels. - The A1C test is recommended as a primary diagnostic tool due to its convenience and accuracy. 2. **Testing for Diabetes**: - Testing is recommended for asymptomatic individuals at high risk, such as those with a BMI ≥25 kg/m² and additional risk factors. - The A1C, FPG, or OGTT can be used for screening. - Repeated testing is advised if initial results are abnormal. 3. **Prevention and Delay of Type 2 Diabetes**: - Lifestyle interventions and metformin therapy are recommended for high-risk individuals. - Annual monitoring is suggested for those with prediabetes to prevent the development of diabetes. 4. **Diabetes Care**: - Comprehensive care involves a multidisciplinary team approach, including physicians, nurses, dietitians, and mental health professionals. - Glycemic control is assessed through SMBG and A1C testing. - A1C goals are generally <7%, with more stringent goals (<6.5%) for selected patients. 5. **Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)**: - GDM is diagnosed using an OGTT at 24-28 weeks of gestation. - Women with a history of GDM should be screened for diabetes postpartum and lifelong. 6. **Management**: - Patients should engage actively in their care, with ongoing education and support. - Glycemic control is crucial, and the use of CGM may be beneficial in selected patients. The standards are regularly updated to incorporate new evidence and are intended to guide clinicians, patients, and other stakeholders in providing optimal diabetes care.The 2012 Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes provide comprehensive guidelines for the management of diabetes, emphasizing the need for ongoing patient education and support to prevent acute and long-term complications. The standards cover various aspects of diabetes care, including classification, diagnosis, testing, and management. Key points include: 1. **Classification and Diagnosis**: - Diabetes is classified into four types: Type 1, Type 2, other specific types, and gestational diabetes. - Diagnosis is based on fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), or A1C levels. - The A1C test is recommended as a primary diagnostic tool due to its convenience and accuracy. 2. **Testing for Diabetes**: - Testing is recommended for asymptomatic individuals at high risk, such as those with a BMI ≥25 kg/m² and additional risk factors. - The A1C, FPG, or OGTT can be used for screening. - Repeated testing is advised if initial results are abnormal. 3. **Prevention and Delay of Type 2 Diabetes**: - Lifestyle interventions and metformin therapy are recommended for high-risk individuals. - Annual monitoring is suggested for those with prediabetes to prevent the development of diabetes. 4. **Diabetes Care**: - Comprehensive care involves a multidisciplinary team approach, including physicians, nurses, dietitians, and mental health professionals. - Glycemic control is assessed through SMBG and A1C testing. - A1C goals are generally <7%, with more stringent goals (<6.5%) for selected patients. 5. **Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)**: - GDM is diagnosed using an OGTT at 24-28 weeks of gestation. - Women with a history of GDM should be screened for diabetes postpartum and lifelong. 6. **Management**: - Patients should engage actively in their care, with ongoing education and support. - Glycemic control is crucial, and the use of CGM may be beneficial in selected patients. The standards are regularly updated to incorporate new evidence and are intended to guide clinicians, patients, and other stakeholders in providing optimal diabetes care.