Stimuli-responsive peptide assemblies: Design, self-assembly, modulation, and biomedical applications Peptide molecules offer flexibility in design, self-assembly, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and functionalization, making them versatile for biomedical applications. Self-assembled peptide nanomaterials can be functionalized with additives to enhance their stimuli-responsive properties, enabling applications triggered by internal or external stimuli. This review discusses recent advances in the design, self-assembly, functionalization, and biomedical applications of peptide-based nanomaterials. Strategies for designing single, dual, and multi-stimuli-responsive nanomaterials with various dimensions are analyzed, along with the functional regulation of peptide nanomaterials using components like metal/metal oxide, DNA/RNA, polysaccharides, photosensitizers, and 2D materials. Designed nanomaterials with temperature-, pH-, ion-, light-, enzyme-, and ROS-responsive abilities are presented for drug delivery, bioimaging, cancer therapy, gene therapy, antibacterial, and wound healing applications. The review provides detailed methodologies and advanced techniques for synthesizing peptide nanomaterials from molecular biology, materials science, and nanotechnology, guiding the molecular-level design of peptides for specific functions. Peptide-based nanomaterials have been widely studied for their ability to self-assemble into various structures, including 0D (nanoparticles, nanospheres, quantum dots), 1D (nanofibers, nanowires, nanotubes, nanorods), 2D (nanosheets, nanoribbons), and 3D (hydrogels) structures. These structures have different roles in hybrid nanomaterials, with 0D nanomaterials being easily taken up by cells, 1D nanomaterials offering abundant active sites for material attachment, 2D nanomaterials providing rich active sites for functionalization, and 3D hydrogels enabling macroscopic observation and drug delivery. The selection of appropriate nanostructures is essential for specific applications. Stimuli-responsive peptide nanomaterials modulate self-assembly behavior by altering peptide properties or cleaving bonds, enabling biomedical applications. Various stimuli, including pH, temperature, metal ions, enzymes, and light, can trigger changes in peptide self-assembly. Peptide and polypeptide self-assembly into nanomaterials has shown broad applications in drug delivery, bioimaging, clinical disease treatment, antibacterial materials, and tissue engineering. The review highlights the potential of stimuli-responsive peptide nanomaterials in biomedical applications, emphasizing their importance in developing precise and effective materials for targeted therapies.Stimuli-responsive peptide assemblies: Design, self-assembly, modulation, and biomedical applications Peptide molecules offer flexibility in design, self-assembly, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and functionalization, making them versatile for biomedical applications. Self-assembled peptide nanomaterials can be functionalized with additives to enhance their stimuli-responsive properties, enabling applications triggered by internal or external stimuli. This review discusses recent advances in the design, self-assembly, functionalization, and biomedical applications of peptide-based nanomaterials. Strategies for designing single, dual, and multi-stimuli-responsive nanomaterials with various dimensions are analyzed, along with the functional regulation of peptide nanomaterials using components like metal/metal oxide, DNA/RNA, polysaccharides, photosensitizers, and 2D materials. Designed nanomaterials with temperature-, pH-, ion-, light-, enzyme-, and ROS-responsive abilities are presented for drug delivery, bioimaging, cancer therapy, gene therapy, antibacterial, and wound healing applications. The review provides detailed methodologies and advanced techniques for synthesizing peptide nanomaterials from molecular biology, materials science, and nanotechnology, guiding the molecular-level design of peptides for specific functions. Peptide-based nanomaterials have been widely studied for their ability to self-assemble into various structures, including 0D (nanoparticles, nanospheres, quantum dots), 1D (nanofibers, nanowires, nanotubes, nanorods), 2D (nanosheets, nanoribbons), and 3D (hydrogels) structures. These structures have different roles in hybrid nanomaterials, with 0D nanomaterials being easily taken up by cells, 1D nanomaterials offering abundant active sites for material attachment, 2D nanomaterials providing rich active sites for functionalization, and 3D hydrogels enabling macroscopic observation and drug delivery. The selection of appropriate nanostructures is essential for specific applications. Stimuli-responsive peptide nanomaterials modulate self-assembly behavior by altering peptide properties or cleaving bonds, enabling biomedical applications. Various stimuli, including pH, temperature, metal ions, enzymes, and light, can trigger changes in peptide self-assembly. Peptide and polypeptide self-assembly into nanomaterials has shown broad applications in drug delivery, bioimaging, clinical disease treatment, antibacterial materials, and tissue engineering. The review highlights the potential of stimuli-responsive peptide nanomaterials in biomedical applications, emphasizing their importance in developing precise and effective materials for targeted therapies.