Biofilms are complex microbial communities that adhere to surfaces and produce protective extracellular matrices, posing significant challenges in clinical medicine, industry, and environmental science. Despite ongoing challenges, research in this area remains dynamic. This article provides a contemporary assessment of biofilms and their treatment, focusing on recent advances to understand the evolving landscape of biofilm research. Biofilms are formed through a complex process involving environmental and genetic triggers, leading to the formation of a three-dimensional matrix. The extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix allows biofilms to withstand environmental stresses. Biofilm formation is influenced by factors such as pH, temperature, nutrient availability, and environmental hazards. Hypoxic conditions can promote biofilm formation, particularly in Staphylococcus aureus. Biofilms are resistant to antibiotics due to their EPS matrix, which reduces antibiotic penetration and enhances resistance. Current management of biofilm infections involves antimicrobial agents and surgical debridement, but treatment outcomes are inconsistent. Research is essential to develop new strategies for eradicating biofilms. Antibiotic resistance within biofilms is a major challenge, with factors such as biofilm structure, bacterial species, and antibiotic type influencing resistance. Efflux pumps and quorum sensing play critical roles in biofilm resistance and antibiotic tolerance. Novel strategies for biofilm eradication include light-based therapies, antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophage therapy, and immunotherapy. Light-based therapies such as photodynamic therapy can enhance antibiotic efficacy. Antimicrobial peptides can disrupt biofilm formation and bacterial adhesion. Bacteriophage therapy offers a targeted approach to combat biofilms, while immunotherapy explores the use of monoclonal antibodies to enhance antibiotic effectiveness. The increasing prevalence of biofilm-associated infections highlights the urgent need for innovative strategies to combat antibiotic resistance. As the global population ages and biomedical technology advances, the impact of biofilm infections is expected to rise. Research into novel therapeutic approaches is crucial for developing effective treatments and improving patient outcomes.Biofilms are complex microbial communities that adhere to surfaces and produce protective extracellular matrices, posing significant challenges in clinical medicine, industry, and environmental science. Despite ongoing challenges, research in this area remains dynamic. This article provides a contemporary assessment of biofilms and their treatment, focusing on recent advances to understand the evolving landscape of biofilm research. Biofilms are formed through a complex process involving environmental and genetic triggers, leading to the formation of a three-dimensional matrix. The extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix allows biofilms to withstand environmental stresses. Biofilm formation is influenced by factors such as pH, temperature, nutrient availability, and environmental hazards. Hypoxic conditions can promote biofilm formation, particularly in Staphylococcus aureus. Biofilms are resistant to antibiotics due to their EPS matrix, which reduces antibiotic penetration and enhances resistance. Current management of biofilm infections involves antimicrobial agents and surgical debridement, but treatment outcomes are inconsistent. Research is essential to develop new strategies for eradicating biofilms. Antibiotic resistance within biofilms is a major challenge, with factors such as biofilm structure, bacterial species, and antibiotic type influencing resistance. Efflux pumps and quorum sensing play critical roles in biofilm resistance and antibiotic tolerance. Novel strategies for biofilm eradication include light-based therapies, antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophage therapy, and immunotherapy. Light-based therapies such as photodynamic therapy can enhance antibiotic efficacy. Antimicrobial peptides can disrupt biofilm formation and bacterial adhesion. Bacteriophage therapy offers a targeted approach to combat biofilms, while immunotherapy explores the use of monoclonal antibodies to enhance antibiotic effectiveness. The increasing prevalence of biofilm-associated infections highlights the urgent need for innovative strategies to combat antibiotic resistance. As the global population ages and biomedical technology advances, the impact of biofilm infections is expected to rise. Research into novel therapeutic approaches is crucial for developing effective treatments and improving patient outcomes.