Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is a system used to assess the condition of civil infrastructure, such as bridges, dams, buildings, and tunnels, to ensure their safety and functionality. It involves the continuous monitoring of structural performance, using sensors and data analysis to detect changes or deterioration. SHM has evolved from traditional inspection methods to more advanced computer-based systems that provide real-time data for timely decision-making. The concept of SHM has been around for at least half a century, but it has gained significant attention in the last decade, particularly in the context of aging infrastructure. SHM is applied to various types of civil infrastructure, including bridges, dams, offshore installations, and buildings. The primary objectives of SHM are to monitor structural performance, detect anomalies, and assess the health of structures. This includes identifying structural changes, such as damage or degradation, and providing data for maintenance and repair. SHM systems use a range of technologies, including vibration sensors, strain gauges, and wireless communication systems, to collect and analyze data. In the case of dams, SHM has been used for decades to monitor structural health and ensure safety. The UK has had legal requirements for dam monitoring since the 1970s, and SHM systems have been developed to provide continuous data on structural performance. Similarly, in the case of bridges, SHM has been used to monitor structural behavior, particularly in response to wind and seismic activity. The development of SHM systems has been driven by the need to improve the safety and reliability of infrastructure, especially in the context of aging structures. In the case of buildings, SHM has been used to monitor structural performance during earthquakes and other events. The use of SHM in buildings has increased in recent years, particularly in response to major earthquakes such as those in Kobe and Northridge. SHM systems in buildings can provide valuable data on structural behavior, helping to assess the condition of structures and inform maintenance and repair decisions. In the case of tunnels and excavations, SHM has been used to monitor structural performance and ensure the safety of underground structures. The use of SHM in tunnels has increased in recent years, particularly in response to the need to monitor structural behavior during construction and to ensure the safety of nearby structures. SHM systems in tunnels can provide valuable data on structural behavior, helping to assess the condition of structures and inform maintenance and repair decisions. Overall, SHM is a critical tool for ensuring the safety and functionality of civil infrastructure. It provides continuous monitoring of structural performance, allowing for timely detection of changes or deterioration. The development of SHM systems has been driven by the need to improve the safety and reliability of infrastructure, particularly in the context of aging structures. As technology continues to advance, SHM systems are becoming more sophisticated, providing more accurate and reliable data for structural health monitoring.Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is a system used to assess the condition of civil infrastructure, such as bridges, dams, buildings, and tunnels, to ensure their safety and functionality. It involves the continuous monitoring of structural performance, using sensors and data analysis to detect changes or deterioration. SHM has evolved from traditional inspection methods to more advanced computer-based systems that provide real-time data for timely decision-making. The concept of SHM has been around for at least half a century, but it has gained significant attention in the last decade, particularly in the context of aging infrastructure. SHM is applied to various types of civil infrastructure, including bridges, dams, offshore installations, and buildings. The primary objectives of SHM are to monitor structural performance, detect anomalies, and assess the health of structures. This includes identifying structural changes, such as damage or degradation, and providing data for maintenance and repair. SHM systems use a range of technologies, including vibration sensors, strain gauges, and wireless communication systems, to collect and analyze data. In the case of dams, SHM has been used for decades to monitor structural health and ensure safety. The UK has had legal requirements for dam monitoring since the 1970s, and SHM systems have been developed to provide continuous data on structural performance. Similarly, in the case of bridges, SHM has been used to monitor structural behavior, particularly in response to wind and seismic activity. The development of SHM systems has been driven by the need to improve the safety and reliability of infrastructure, especially in the context of aging structures. In the case of buildings, SHM has been used to monitor structural performance during earthquakes and other events. The use of SHM in buildings has increased in recent years, particularly in response to major earthquakes such as those in Kobe and Northridge. SHM systems in buildings can provide valuable data on structural behavior, helping to assess the condition of structures and inform maintenance and repair decisions. In the case of tunnels and excavations, SHM has been used to monitor structural performance and ensure the safety of underground structures. The use of SHM in tunnels has increased in recent years, particularly in response to the need to monitor structural behavior during construction and to ensure the safety of nearby structures. SHM systems in tunnels can provide valuable data on structural behavior, helping to assess the condition of structures and inform maintenance and repair decisions. Overall, SHM is a critical tool for ensuring the safety and functionality of civil infrastructure. It provides continuous monitoring of structural performance, allowing for timely detection of changes or deterioration. The development of SHM systems has been driven by the need to improve the safety and reliability of infrastructure, particularly in the context of aging structures. As technology continues to advance, SHM systems are becoming more sophisticated, providing more accurate and reliable data for structural health monitoring.