This supplementary materials section provides detailed experimental data and analyses supporting the findings in the main article "Sugar coordinates plant defense signaling" by Kohji Yamada and Akira Mine. The materials include figures and tables that explore various aspects of sugar's role in plant defense signaling: 1. **Fig. S1** shows that sugar treatments activate the expression of defense-related genes, with significant changes in gene expression patterns under different sugar conditions. 2. **Fig. S2** details the establishment of hxl1 hxl2 mutants, including T-DNA insertion mutations, RT-PCR analysis, and growth and metabolic analyses. 3. **Fig. S3** demonstrates that 2DG treatment induces defense signaling, with changes in gene expression and SA quantification. 4. **Fig. S4** presents the establishment of stp1 stp4 stp13 mutants using CRISPR-Cas9, including genomic structure, protein length, and metabolic and growth analyses. 5. **Fig. S5** investigates the regulation of camalexin and SA synthesis by CPK5/6, showing their positive and negative roles, respectively. 6. **Fig. S6** explores how glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) suppresses the activity of clade A protein phosphatases, leading to increased CPK5 phosphorylation. 7. **Fig. S7** examines the contribution of hexokinase and sugar transporters to flg22-triggered signaling, including metabolite quantification, 2DG influx activity, and gene expression analysis. 8. **Fig. S8** investigates the role of sugar transporters in elf18-triggered signaling, with similar experimental methods and analyses. 9. **Fig. S9** provides further details on the establishment of stp1/4/13/cpk5/6 plants, including growth and gene expression analysis. 10. **Fig. S10** shows that enhanced SA synthesis in cpk5/6 plants decreases susceptibility to pathogenic bacteria. 11. **Fig. S11** presents the expression patterns of defense-related genes in response to chitin. 12. **Fig. S12** confirms that CERK1 does not phosphorylate the T485 residue of STP13. These supplementary materials provide comprehensive support for the main findings, offering detailed experimental data and analyses to validate the conclusions.This supplementary materials section provides detailed experimental data and analyses supporting the findings in the main article "Sugar coordinates plant defense signaling" by Kohji Yamada and Akira Mine. The materials include figures and tables that explore various aspects of sugar's role in plant defense signaling: 1. **Fig. S1** shows that sugar treatments activate the expression of defense-related genes, with significant changes in gene expression patterns under different sugar conditions. 2. **Fig. S2** details the establishment of hxl1 hxl2 mutants, including T-DNA insertion mutations, RT-PCR analysis, and growth and metabolic analyses. 3. **Fig. S3** demonstrates that 2DG treatment induces defense signaling, with changes in gene expression and SA quantification. 4. **Fig. S4** presents the establishment of stp1 stp4 stp13 mutants using CRISPR-Cas9, including genomic structure, protein length, and metabolic and growth analyses. 5. **Fig. S5** investigates the regulation of camalexin and SA synthesis by CPK5/6, showing their positive and negative roles, respectively. 6. **Fig. S6** explores how glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) suppresses the activity of clade A protein phosphatases, leading to increased CPK5 phosphorylation. 7. **Fig. S7** examines the contribution of hexokinase and sugar transporters to flg22-triggered signaling, including metabolite quantification, 2DG influx activity, and gene expression analysis. 8. **Fig. S8** investigates the role of sugar transporters in elf18-triggered signaling, with similar experimental methods and analyses. 9. **Fig. S9** provides further details on the establishment of stp1/4/13/cpk5/6 plants, including growth and gene expression analysis. 10. **Fig. S10** shows that enhanced SA synthesis in cpk5/6 plants decreases susceptibility to pathogenic bacteria. 11. **Fig. S11** presents the expression patterns of defense-related genes in response to chitin. 12. **Fig. S12** confirms that CERK1 does not phosphorylate the T485 residue of STP13. These supplementary materials provide comprehensive support for the main findings, offering detailed experimental data and analyses to validate the conclusions.