Suicide is a complex global public health issue with significant variations across genders, age groups, geographic regions, and socio-political contexts. It is associated with diverse risk factors, highlighting the need for improved recognition and understanding of clinical, psychological, sociological, and biological factors to identify high-risk individuals and guide treatment. Psychotherapeutic, pharmacological, and neuromodulatory treatments for mental disorders can prevent suicidal behavior (SB), and regular follow-up of suicide attempters by mental health services is crucial for prevention. Suicide rates are influenced by population-level factors such as social changes, economic crises, and media exposure, while individual risk factors include genetic predisposition, family history, and exposure to early-life adversity (ELA). ELA is linked to increased suicide risk and may affect gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms. Psychological factors such as depression, anxiety, and impulsivity also contribute to SB. Psychiatric conditions like major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia are strongly associated with suicide risk. Suicide prevention strategies include school-based interventions, workplace programs, and community-based initiatives that reduce the incidence of SB. Effective interventions involve improving access to mental health services, reducing access to lethal means, and providing case management and follow-up for suicide attempters. Pharmacological treatments such as antidepressants, lithium, and ketamine have shown promise in reducing SB, while psychotherapeutic approaches like Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) and Mentalization-Based Therapy (MBT) are effective for recurrent SB. Suicide is a preventable outcome, and ongoing research continues to enhance clinical tools for managing suicidal patients. Public health policies, improved identification of at-risk individuals, and basic and translational research are essential for reducing global suicide rates.Suicide is a complex global public health issue with significant variations across genders, age groups, geographic regions, and socio-political contexts. It is associated with diverse risk factors, highlighting the need for improved recognition and understanding of clinical, psychological, sociological, and biological factors to identify high-risk individuals and guide treatment. Psychotherapeutic, pharmacological, and neuromodulatory treatments for mental disorders can prevent suicidal behavior (SB), and regular follow-up of suicide attempters by mental health services is crucial for prevention. Suicide rates are influenced by population-level factors such as social changes, economic crises, and media exposure, while individual risk factors include genetic predisposition, family history, and exposure to early-life adversity (ELA). ELA is linked to increased suicide risk and may affect gene expression through epigenetic mechanisms. Psychological factors such as depression, anxiety, and impulsivity also contribute to SB. Psychiatric conditions like major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia are strongly associated with suicide risk. Suicide prevention strategies include school-based interventions, workplace programs, and community-based initiatives that reduce the incidence of SB. Effective interventions involve improving access to mental health services, reducing access to lethal means, and providing case management and follow-up for suicide attempters. Pharmacological treatments such as antidepressants, lithium, and ketamine have shown promise in reducing SB, while psychotherapeutic approaches like Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) and Mentalization-Based Therapy (MBT) are effective for recurrent SB. Suicide is a preventable outcome, and ongoing research continues to enhance clinical tools for managing suicidal patients. Public health policies, improved identification of at-risk individuals, and basic and translational research are essential for reducing global suicide rates.