The article provides an overview of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy techniques, which overcome the diffraction limit of conventional fluorescence microscopy to achieve higher spatial resolution. These techniques include spatially patterned excitation methods such as stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy, saturated structured illumination microscopy (SSIM), and reversible saturable optically linear fluorescence transitions (RESOLFT), as well as single-molecule localization methods like stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM), and fluorescence photoactivation localization microscopy (FPALM). The authors discuss the principles, advancements, and applications of these techniques, highlighting their ability to image three-dimensional (3D) structures, perform multicolor imaging, and capture dynamic processes in live cells at the nanometer scale. They also address the challenges and limitations of each technique, such as sample damage, labeling density, probe size, and ultrastructure preservation, and explore potential solutions to improve their performance.The article provides an overview of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy techniques, which overcome the diffraction limit of conventional fluorescence microscopy to achieve higher spatial resolution. These techniques include spatially patterned excitation methods such as stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy, saturated structured illumination microscopy (SSIM), and reversible saturable optically linear fluorescence transitions (RESOLFT), as well as single-molecule localization methods like stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM), photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM), and fluorescence photoactivation localization microscopy (FPALM). The authors discuss the principles, advancements, and applications of these techniques, highlighting their ability to image three-dimensional (3D) structures, perform multicolor imaging, and capture dynamic processes in live cells at the nanometer scale. They also address the challenges and limitations of each technique, such as sample damage, labeling density, probe size, and ultrastructure preservation, and explore potential solutions to improve their performance.