Superconducting Qubits: Current State of Play

Superconducting Qubits: Current State of Play

21 Apr 2020 | Morten Kjaergaard, Mollie E. Schwartz, Jochen Braumüller, Philip Krantz, Joel I-J Wang, Simon Gustavsson, William D. Oliver
Superconducting qubits are leading candidates in the race to build a quantum computer capable of performing computations beyond the reach of modern supercomputers. The superconducting qubit modality has been used to demonstrate prototype algorithms in the 'noisy intermediate scale quantum' (NISQ) era, where non-error-corrected qubits are used to implement quantum simulations and quantum algorithms. Recent demonstrations of multiple high fidelity two-qubit gates and operations on logical qubits in extensible superconducting qubit systems show promise for building larger-scale error-corrected quantum computers. This review discusses recent experimental advances in qubit hardware, gate implementations, readout capabilities, early NISQ algorithm implementations, and quantum error correction using superconducting qubits. The pace of progress in the last years has been impressive, and the excitement from this progress is conveyed. Superconducting qubits are based on Josephson junctions, which allow for coherent tunneling of Cooper pairs. The first controlled qubit-qubit interaction with fidelities greater than 0.99 was demonstrated in 2014 with the transmon qubit variant. Since then, multiple controlled two-qubit interactions have been demonstrated with similarly high fidelities. The transmon qubit is a capacitively shunted variant of the Cooper pair box that is largely insensitive to charge, resulting in improved reproducibility and coherence times. It is one of the leading modalities used today for gate-model quantum computing. The persistent-current flux qubit was the most successful of the early flux qubits, featuring a small junction in series with 2 or 3 larger-area Josephson junctions. It operates in the regime E_J >> E_C and is largely charge-insensitive. It also featured a large anharmonicity with moderately-high coherence times. However, like the charge qubit, its major limitation was a lack of device-to-device reproducibility. The capacitively shunted flux qubit, which features improved reproducibility at the expense of qubit anharmonicity, is now also supported by high reproducibility, long coherence times, and moderate anharmonicity levels. Combined with the tunability of its Hamiltonian, this qubit offers a potential alternative platform for Hamiltonian emulation, gate-based quantum computing and quantum annealing. The predominant technique for implementing single-qubit operations is via microwave irradiation of the superconducting circuit. Electromagnetic coupling to the qubit with microwaves at the qubit transition frequency drives Rabi oscillations in the qubit state. Control of the phase and amplitude of the drive is then used to implement rotations about an arbitrary axis in the x, y plane. The implementation of single-qubit gates is now mostly uniform across the community, but many different two-qubit gates have been demonstrated, and several of those have reached fidelities >0.99. Dispersive readout requires relatively low photonSuperconducting qubits are leading candidates in the race to build a quantum computer capable of performing computations beyond the reach of modern supercomputers. The superconducting qubit modality has been used to demonstrate prototype algorithms in the 'noisy intermediate scale quantum' (NISQ) era, where non-error-corrected qubits are used to implement quantum simulations and quantum algorithms. Recent demonstrations of multiple high fidelity two-qubit gates and operations on logical qubits in extensible superconducting qubit systems show promise for building larger-scale error-corrected quantum computers. This review discusses recent experimental advances in qubit hardware, gate implementations, readout capabilities, early NISQ algorithm implementations, and quantum error correction using superconducting qubits. The pace of progress in the last years has been impressive, and the excitement from this progress is conveyed. Superconducting qubits are based on Josephson junctions, which allow for coherent tunneling of Cooper pairs. The first controlled qubit-qubit interaction with fidelities greater than 0.99 was demonstrated in 2014 with the transmon qubit variant. Since then, multiple controlled two-qubit interactions have been demonstrated with similarly high fidelities. The transmon qubit is a capacitively shunted variant of the Cooper pair box that is largely insensitive to charge, resulting in improved reproducibility and coherence times. It is one of the leading modalities used today for gate-model quantum computing. The persistent-current flux qubit was the most successful of the early flux qubits, featuring a small junction in series with 2 or 3 larger-area Josephson junctions. It operates in the regime E_J >> E_C and is largely charge-insensitive. It also featured a large anharmonicity with moderately-high coherence times. However, like the charge qubit, its major limitation was a lack of device-to-device reproducibility. The capacitively shunted flux qubit, which features improved reproducibility at the expense of qubit anharmonicity, is now also supported by high reproducibility, long coherence times, and moderate anharmonicity levels. Combined with the tunability of its Hamiltonian, this qubit offers a potential alternative platform for Hamiltonian emulation, gate-based quantum computing and quantum annealing. The predominant technique for implementing single-qubit operations is via microwave irradiation of the superconducting circuit. Electromagnetic coupling to the qubit with microwaves at the qubit transition frequency drives Rabi oscillations in the qubit state. Control of the phase and amplitude of the drive is then used to implement rotations about an arbitrary axis in the x, y plane. The implementation of single-qubit gates is now mostly uniform across the community, but many different two-qubit gates have been demonstrated, and several of those have reached fidelities >0.99. Dispersive readout requires relatively low photon
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