This review article, titled "Sustainable Biosurfactant Production from Secondary Feedstock—Recent Advances, Process Optimization, and Perspectives," by Yahui Miao et al., discusses the recent advancements and challenges in the production of biosurfactants, particularly glycolipids, using secondary feedstocks. The authors highlight the environmental and economic benefits of biosurfactants over fossil-derived surfactants, emphasizing their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and sustainability. They cover the current landscape of glycolipid production, including the productivity of different glycolipids such as rhamnolipids, trehalose lipids, sophorolipids, and mannosylerythritol lipids, and their applications in various industries. The review also addresses the challenges of using second-generation feedstocks, such as industrial waste streams, and the need for process optimization to improve productivity and reduce costs. Key applications of glycolipid biosurfactants are discussed, including bioremediation, food processing, petroleum refining, biomedical uses, and agricultural output enhancement. The authors emphasize the importance of balancing environmental advantages, economic viability, and societal benefits through the optimized integration of secondary feedstocks in biosurfactant production. The article concludes by discussing the market opportunities for biosurfactants and the challenges in scaling up production, including the need for further research on metabolic engineering and cost reduction. The authors suggest that while biosurfactants offer significant potential, more efforts are needed to ensure their effectiveness and resilience in real-world environments.This review article, titled "Sustainable Biosurfactant Production from Secondary Feedstock—Recent Advances, Process Optimization, and Perspectives," by Yahui Miao et al., discusses the recent advancements and challenges in the production of biosurfactants, particularly glycolipids, using secondary feedstocks. The authors highlight the environmental and economic benefits of biosurfactants over fossil-derived surfactants, emphasizing their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and sustainability. They cover the current landscape of glycolipid production, including the productivity of different glycolipids such as rhamnolipids, trehalose lipids, sophorolipids, and mannosylerythritol lipids, and their applications in various industries. The review also addresses the challenges of using second-generation feedstocks, such as industrial waste streams, and the need for process optimization to improve productivity and reduce costs. Key applications of glycolipid biosurfactants are discussed, including bioremediation, food processing, petroleum refining, biomedical uses, and agricultural output enhancement. The authors emphasize the importance of balancing environmental advantages, economic viability, and societal benefits through the optimized integration of secondary feedstocks in biosurfactant production. The article concludes by discussing the market opportunities for biosurfactants and the challenges in scaling up production, including the need for further research on metabolic engineering and cost reduction. The authors suggest that while biosurfactants offer significant potential, more efforts are needed to ensure their effectiveness and resilience in real-world environments.