The brain consumes a large proportion of the body's energy, with synapses being the main consumers. Synaptic transmission is energy-intensive, and the brain's energy supply must be sufficient to support this. ATP is used for ion pumping, neurotransmitter release, and other synaptic processes. Synaptic plasticity and brain state influence synaptic energy use, and disruptions in ATP supply can lead to neurological disorders. Most brain energy is used on synapses, with presynaptic and postsynaptic terminals optimized for efficient information transmission with minimal energy cost. ATP is primarily supplied by mitochondria, which are localized to synapses to meet their high energy demands. Synaptic activity increases ATP consumption, and mitochondrial calcium levels regulate ATP production. Mitochondria are transported along microtubules and actin filaments to synapses, where they help buffer calcium and support energy needs. Synaptic energy use is influenced by the number of synapses and the release probability of neurotransmitters. Low release probabilities can optimize information transmission per energy unit, as seen in many synapses. The number of postsynaptic receptors also affects energy use, with optimal numbers balancing information transmission and energy efficiency. Astrocytes may supply metabolic substrates to synapses, supporting ATP production. Mitochondria are positioned at synapses to ensure efficient energy supply, with their movement regulated by motor proteins and calcium levels. Synaptic activity increases calcium influx, which activates mitochondrial processes to produce more ATP. The positioning of mitochondria at synapses is crucial for maintaining energy supply and supporting synaptic function. Disruptions in mitochondrial function or energy supply can lead to synaptic dysfunction and neurological disorders.The brain consumes a large proportion of the body's energy, with synapses being the main consumers. Synaptic transmission is energy-intensive, and the brain's energy supply must be sufficient to support this. ATP is used for ion pumping, neurotransmitter release, and other synaptic processes. Synaptic plasticity and brain state influence synaptic energy use, and disruptions in ATP supply can lead to neurological disorders. Most brain energy is used on synapses, with presynaptic and postsynaptic terminals optimized for efficient information transmission with minimal energy cost. ATP is primarily supplied by mitochondria, which are localized to synapses to meet their high energy demands. Synaptic activity increases ATP consumption, and mitochondrial calcium levels regulate ATP production. Mitochondria are transported along microtubules and actin filaments to synapses, where they help buffer calcium and support energy needs. Synaptic energy use is influenced by the number of synapses and the release probability of neurotransmitters. Low release probabilities can optimize information transmission per energy unit, as seen in many synapses. The number of postsynaptic receptors also affects energy use, with optimal numbers balancing information transmission and energy efficiency. Astrocytes may supply metabolic substrates to synapses, supporting ATP production. Mitochondria are positioned at synapses to ensure efficient energy supply, with their movement regulated by motor proteins and calcium levels. Synaptic activity increases calcium influx, which activates mitochondrial processes to produce more ATP. The positioning of mitochondria at synapses is crucial for maintaining energy supply and supporting synaptic function. Disruptions in mitochondrial function or energy supply can lead to synaptic dysfunction and neurological disorders.