The TFOS DEWS II Epidemiology Report summarizes the prevalence, incidence, risk factors, natural history, and impact of dry eye disease (DED) based on epidemiological studies. The report highlights that DED prevalence ranges from 5 to 50%, with higher rates observed in studies using clinical criteria. Women have a higher prevalence than men, especially with age. Risk factors include age, sex, race, and conditions like MGD. The economic burden of DED is significant, particularly due to reduced work productivity. The report emphasizes the need for further research on DED prevalence, incidence, and risk factors, including the impact of climate, environment, and socioeconomic factors. It also notes the lack of studies in the Southern Hemisphere and the importance of considering age, sex, and race in future research. The report concludes that DED prevalence increases with age, and there is a need for more data on younger populations. The findings suggest that DED is a significant public health issue, with a strong association between DED and factors such as age, sex, and race. The report also highlights the importance of further research to understand the natural history of DED and to develop strategies for public and practitioner education.The TFOS DEWS II Epidemiology Report summarizes the prevalence, incidence, risk factors, natural history, and impact of dry eye disease (DED) based on epidemiological studies. The report highlights that DED prevalence ranges from 5 to 50%, with higher rates observed in studies using clinical criteria. Women have a higher prevalence than men, especially with age. Risk factors include age, sex, race, and conditions like MGD. The economic burden of DED is significant, particularly due to reduced work productivity. The report emphasizes the need for further research on DED prevalence, incidence, and risk factors, including the impact of climate, environment, and socioeconomic factors. It also notes the lack of studies in the Southern Hemisphere and the importance of considering age, sex, and race in future research. The report concludes that DED prevalence increases with age, and there is a need for more data on younger populations. The findings suggest that DED is a significant public health issue, with a strong association between DED and factors such as age, sex, and race. The report also highlights the importance of further research to understand the natural history of DED and to develop strategies for public and practitioner education.