The article discusses the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, which involves the loss of epithelial characteristics and the acquisition of mesenchymal traits. EMT is a critical process during development and can also occur under pathological conditions, such as fibrosis and cancer progression. TGF-β signaling plays a crucial role in inducing EMT, and its activation of Smad proteins is essential for this process. The article highlights the involvement of transcription factors like Snail, ZEB, and Twist in repressing epithelial markers and activating mesenchymal genes. Additionally, non-Smad signaling pathways, including Ras-MAPK, Rho GTPases, and PI3K-Akt, also contribute to EMT by regulating cytoskeleton organization, cell migration, and invasion. The article also explores the role of Wnt signaling in cooperation with TGF-β signaling during EMT. Overall, the review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms underlying TGF-β-induced EMT, emphasizing the importance of both Smad-dependent and non-Smad signaling pathways.The article discusses the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, which involves the loss of epithelial characteristics and the acquisition of mesenchymal traits. EMT is a critical process during development and can also occur under pathological conditions, such as fibrosis and cancer progression. TGF-β signaling plays a crucial role in inducing EMT, and its activation of Smad proteins is essential for this process. The article highlights the involvement of transcription factors like Snail, ZEB, and Twist in repressing epithelial markers and activating mesenchymal genes. Additionally, non-Smad signaling pathways, including Ras-MAPK, Rho GTPases, and PI3K-Akt, also contribute to EMT by regulating cytoskeleton organization, cell migration, and invasion. The article also explores the role of Wnt signaling in cooperation with TGF-β signaling during EMT. Overall, the review provides a comprehensive overview of the molecular mechanisms underlying TGF-β-induced EMT, emphasizing the importance of both Smad-dependent and non-Smad signaling pathways.