The article "TNF in Human Tuberculosis: A Double-Edged Sword" by Jae-Min Yuk, Jin Kyung Kim, In Soo Kim, and Eun-Kyeong Jo explores the complex role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in tuberculosis (TB). TNF is a pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokine that plays a crucial role in both protective immunity and immunopathology during *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* (Mtb) infection. The authors highlight that TNF is essential for granuloma formation, chronic infection prevention, and macrophage recruitment and activation. However, excessive TNF production can lead to pathological inflammation, necrotic cell death, and cachexia. The review discusses the multifaceted functions of TNF, including its role in M1 macrophage responses, immunometabolic remodeling, trained immunity, autophagy, and apoptosis. It also examines the detrimental effects of TNF, such as mitochondrial oxidative stress and necroptosis, which contribute to disease progression and pathology. The authors emphasize the importance of understanding the regulatory mechanisms of TNF to develop targeted therapeutic strategies that balance its beneficial and detrimental effects on TB.The article "TNF in Human Tuberculosis: A Double-Edged Sword" by Jae-Min Yuk, Jin Kyung Kim, In Soo Kim, and Eun-Kyeong Jo explores the complex role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in tuberculosis (TB). TNF is a pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokine that plays a crucial role in both protective immunity and immunopathology during *Mycobacterium tuberculosis* (Mtb) infection. The authors highlight that TNF is essential for granuloma formation, chronic infection prevention, and macrophage recruitment and activation. However, excessive TNF production can lead to pathological inflammation, necrotic cell death, and cachexia. The review discusses the multifaceted functions of TNF, including its role in M1 macrophage responses, immunometabolic remodeling, trained immunity, autophagy, and apoptosis. It also examines the detrimental effects of TNF, such as mitochondrial oxidative stress and necroptosis, which contribute to disease progression and pathology. The authors emphasize the importance of understanding the regulatory mechanisms of TNF to develop targeted therapeutic strategies that balance its beneficial and detrimental effects on TB.