T helper (Th) cells are characterized by distinct cytokine profiles that define their subsets. However, the role of pathogenic Th cells in disease remains debated. Th1 cells, defined by IFN-γ and IL-2, are crucial for cell-mediated immunity and have been linked to autoimmune diseases like MS and RA. IFN-γ promotes immunopathology by enhancing inflammation and antigen presentation, but also has anti-inflammatory roles, such as suppressing T cell proliferation and inducing regulatory T cells. Th2 cells, characterized by IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, are involved in humoral immunity and allergies. While initially considered anti-inflammatory, Th2 cells can contribute to autoimmune pathology, particularly in MS and SLE. Th17 cells, producing IL-17, are key in promoting inflammation and tissue damage, but can also have anti-inflammatory roles. Th22 cells, producing IL-22, are associated with skin diseases and autoimmune conditions. Th9 cells, producing IL-9, are involved in asthma and autoimmune diseases. Regulatory T cells (Tregs), expressing Foxp3, suppress immune responses and are critical for maintaining tolerance. TGF-β and IL-10 are key regulatory cytokines produced by Tregs, which help control inflammation and autoimmunity. While Th17 and Th1 cells can promote pathology, they also have protective roles. The balance between Th subsets and their cytokines is crucial in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Understanding these subsets and their roles is essential for developing targeted therapies.T helper (Th) cells are characterized by distinct cytokine profiles that define their subsets. However, the role of pathogenic Th cells in disease remains debated. Th1 cells, defined by IFN-γ and IL-2, are crucial for cell-mediated immunity and have been linked to autoimmune diseases like MS and RA. IFN-γ promotes immunopathology by enhancing inflammation and antigen presentation, but also has anti-inflammatory roles, such as suppressing T cell proliferation and inducing regulatory T cells. Th2 cells, characterized by IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, are involved in humoral immunity and allergies. While initially considered anti-inflammatory, Th2 cells can contribute to autoimmune pathology, particularly in MS and SLE. Th17 cells, producing IL-17, are key in promoting inflammation and tissue damage, but can also have anti-inflammatory roles. Th22 cells, producing IL-22, are associated with skin diseases and autoimmune conditions. Th9 cells, producing IL-9, are involved in asthma and autoimmune diseases. Regulatory T cells (Tregs), expressing Foxp3, suppress immune responses and are critical for maintaining tolerance. TGF-β and IL-10 are key regulatory cytokines produced by Tregs, which help control inflammation and autoimmunity. While Th17 and Th1 cells can promote pathology, they also have protective roles. The balance between Th subsets and their cytokines is crucial in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Understanding these subsets and their roles is essential for developing targeted therapies.