This article reviews the application of nanomedicine in the targeted therapy of kidney diseases. Nanomaterials, such as nanoparticles, hydrogels, liposomes, micelles, and dendrimer polymers, are used to deliver drugs to specific sites in the kidneys with minimal side effects and significant therapeutic effects. The kidneys' complex structure and various cell types make them challenging to target, but nanocarriers can overcome these challenges by providing precise drug uptake, longer half-life, and targeted organ distribution. The article discusses the advantages and limitations of different nanocarrier materials, including their biocompatibility, stability, and solubility. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown the feasibility of targeted therapy using nanomaterials, but extensive clinical trials are still needed to ensure short-term and long-term effects. The review also highlights the potential of nanomedicine in treating acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), emphasizing the importance of understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of kidney injury. The article concludes by discussing the structural basis of the kidney as a multi-potential target organ for treatment and the imaging technologies used to evaluate drug delivery systems.This article reviews the application of nanomedicine in the targeted therapy of kidney diseases. Nanomaterials, such as nanoparticles, hydrogels, liposomes, micelles, and dendrimer polymers, are used to deliver drugs to specific sites in the kidneys with minimal side effects and significant therapeutic effects. The kidneys' complex structure and various cell types make them challenging to target, but nanocarriers can overcome these challenges by providing precise drug uptake, longer half-life, and targeted organ distribution. The article discusses the advantages and limitations of different nanocarrier materials, including their biocompatibility, stability, and solubility. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown the feasibility of targeted therapy using nanomaterials, but extensive clinical trials are still needed to ensure short-term and long-term effects. The review also highlights the potential of nanomedicine in treating acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), emphasizing the importance of understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of kidney injury. The article concludes by discussing the structural basis of the kidney as a multi-potential target organ for treatment and the imaging technologies used to evaluate drug delivery systems.