Cytokines play a dual role in both normal physiology and disease pathology, particularly in cancer. These molecules, including interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors, chemokines, and growth factors, can promote or inhibit tumor growth, influence the tumor microenvironment, and impact the efficacy of cancer treatments. Recent advances in targeting these pathways have shown promising therapeutic potential, offering new strategies to modulate the immune system, inhibit tumor progression, and overcome resistance to conventional therapies. This review summarizes the current understanding and therapeutic implications of targeting cytokine and chemokine signaling pathways in cancer. It highlights the development of novel therapeutic agents aimed at modulating these pathways to combat cancer. The review also discusses the challenges and opportunities presented by the dual nature of cytokines as both promoters and suppressors of tumorigenesis, depending on the context. Additionally, it examines the latest advancements in targeted therapies, including monoclonal antibodies, bispecific antibodies, receptor inhibitors, fusion proteins, and engineered cytokine variants, and their impact on tumor growth, metastasis, and the tumor microenvironment. The review also evaluates the potential of combining these targeted therapies with other treatment modalities to overcome resistance and improve patient outcomes. Finally, it focuses on ongoing research and clinical trials that are pivotal in advancing our understanding and application of cytokine- and chemokine-targeted therapies for cancer patients.Cytokines play a dual role in both normal physiology and disease pathology, particularly in cancer. These molecules, including interleukins, interferons, tumor necrosis factors, chemokines, and growth factors, can promote or inhibit tumor growth, influence the tumor microenvironment, and impact the efficacy of cancer treatments. Recent advances in targeting these pathways have shown promising therapeutic potential, offering new strategies to modulate the immune system, inhibit tumor progression, and overcome resistance to conventional therapies. This review summarizes the current understanding and therapeutic implications of targeting cytokine and chemokine signaling pathways in cancer. It highlights the development of novel therapeutic agents aimed at modulating these pathways to combat cancer. The review also discusses the challenges and opportunities presented by the dual nature of cytokines as both promoters and suppressors of tumorigenesis, depending on the context. Additionally, it examines the latest advancements in targeted therapies, including monoclonal antibodies, bispecific antibodies, receptor inhibitors, fusion proteins, and engineered cytokine variants, and their impact on tumor growth, metastasis, and the tumor microenvironment. The review also evaluates the potential of combining these targeted therapies with other treatment modalities to overcome resistance and improve patient outcomes. Finally, it focuses on ongoing research and clinical trials that are pivotal in advancing our understanding and application of cytokine- and chemokine-targeted therapies for cancer patients.