The article reviews the targeting of the TGFβ signaling pathway in various diseases, particularly in fibrosis and oncology. TGFβ, a cytokine superfamily, plays a crucial role in cellular processes such as growth inhibition, cell migration, and immune regulation. Chronic overexpression of TGFβ in diseases like cancer, fibrosis, and inflammation drives disease progression. The TGFβ signaling pathway has become a popular target for drug development, with several drugs in clinical trials. These drugs include small-molecule inhibitors (SMIs), monoclonal antibodies, and gene therapy approaches. The article discusses the challenges in developing TGFβ inhibitors, such as the biphasic action of TGFβ during tumorigenesis and the potential side effects like widespread inflammation and autoimmunity. Preclinical studies have shown that TGFβ inhibitors can reduce cancer progression, enhance existing cancer therapies, and target cancer stem cells. The article also highlights the importance of personalized dosing and monitoring of biomarkers to address the complex nature of the TGFβ signaling pathway.The article reviews the targeting of the TGFβ signaling pathway in various diseases, particularly in fibrosis and oncology. TGFβ, a cytokine superfamily, plays a crucial role in cellular processes such as growth inhibition, cell migration, and immune regulation. Chronic overexpression of TGFβ in diseases like cancer, fibrosis, and inflammation drives disease progression. The TGFβ signaling pathway has become a popular target for drug development, with several drugs in clinical trials. These drugs include small-molecule inhibitors (SMIs), monoclonal antibodies, and gene therapy approaches. The article discusses the challenges in developing TGFβ inhibitors, such as the biphasic action of TGFβ during tumorigenesis and the potential side effects like widespread inflammation and autoimmunity. Preclinical studies have shown that TGFβ inhibitors can reduce cancer progression, enhance existing cancer therapies, and target cancer stem cells. The article also highlights the importance of personalized dosing and monitoring of biomarkers to address the complex nature of the TGFβ signaling pathway.