Technological Advances and Market Developments of Solid-State Batteries: A Review

Technological Advances and Market Developments of Solid-State Batteries: A Review

1 January 2024 | Felix Thomas, Lauren Mahdi, Julien Lemaire and Diogo M. F. Santos
Solid-state batteries (SSBs) are emerging as a promising alternative to traditional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their enhanced safety, higher energy density, and longer lifespan. This review discusses the current state of SSB electrolyte and electrode materials, as well as global market trends and key industry players. Solid-state electrolytes include inorganic, organic, and composite types. Inorganic electrolytes like lithium aluminum titanium phosphate (LATP) offer high ionic conductivity and thermal stability but are mechanically fragile. Organic electrolytes such as polyethylene oxide (PEO) provide flexibility but have lower ionic conductivity. Composite electrolytes combine the advantages of inorganic and organic materials, improving mechanical strength and ionic conductivity. Despite advancements, challenges remain in synthesis and material stability. The global SSB production capacity is currently below 2 GWh, but it is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of over 118% by 2035, with a potential market size exceeding 42 billion euros. SSBs are particularly appealing for applications requiring high safety and energy density, such as electric vehicles (EVs) and aerospace. They offer faster charging, improved safety, and extended range for EVs. Major companies like Toyota, Honda, and BMW are investing in SSB development. In aerospace, SSBs are used for energy storage due to their lightweight and high energy density. They are also suitable for medical devices and consumer electronics. The review covers the status of electrolyte and electrode materials, including inorganic solid electrolytes (ISEs), organic solid polymer electrolytes (OSPEs), and composite solid electrolytes (CSEs). ISEs include oxide-based, sulfide-based, and halide-based materials, each with unique properties. Oxide-based ISEs like LLZO and LATP offer high ionic conductivity and stability. Sulfide-based ISEs like lithium thiophosphate (LPS) and LGPS exhibit exceptional ionic conductivity. Halide-based ISEs, though less studied, show promise due to their high ionic conductivity and compatibility with various battery chemistries. OSPEs, such as PEO and PVDF, offer good mechanical flexibility and processability but have lower ionic conductivity. CSEs combine inorganic and organic materials to enhance mechanical strength and ionic conductivity. Passive fillers like SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ improve mechanical and thermal properties, while active fillers like LLZO and LATP enhance ionic conductivity. Electrode materials for SSBs include Li metal, lithium titanate (LTO), silicon (Si), and lithium silicides. Li metal offers high theoretical capacity but poses safety risks due to dendrite formation. LTO is safer and more stable but has lower energy density. Si offers high theoretical capacity but faces challenges like volume expansion. Researchers are exploring alternatives to improve performance and safety. Overall, SSBs hold significantSolid-state batteries (SSBs) are emerging as a promising alternative to traditional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their enhanced safety, higher energy density, and longer lifespan. This review discusses the current state of SSB electrolyte and electrode materials, as well as global market trends and key industry players. Solid-state electrolytes include inorganic, organic, and composite types. Inorganic electrolytes like lithium aluminum titanium phosphate (LATP) offer high ionic conductivity and thermal stability but are mechanically fragile. Organic electrolytes such as polyethylene oxide (PEO) provide flexibility but have lower ionic conductivity. Composite electrolytes combine the advantages of inorganic and organic materials, improving mechanical strength and ionic conductivity. Despite advancements, challenges remain in synthesis and material stability. The global SSB production capacity is currently below 2 GWh, but it is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of over 118% by 2035, with a potential market size exceeding 42 billion euros. SSBs are particularly appealing for applications requiring high safety and energy density, such as electric vehicles (EVs) and aerospace. They offer faster charging, improved safety, and extended range for EVs. Major companies like Toyota, Honda, and BMW are investing in SSB development. In aerospace, SSBs are used for energy storage due to their lightweight and high energy density. They are also suitable for medical devices and consumer electronics. The review covers the status of electrolyte and electrode materials, including inorganic solid electrolytes (ISEs), organic solid polymer electrolytes (OSPEs), and composite solid electrolytes (CSEs). ISEs include oxide-based, sulfide-based, and halide-based materials, each with unique properties. Oxide-based ISEs like LLZO and LATP offer high ionic conductivity and stability. Sulfide-based ISEs like lithium thiophosphate (LPS) and LGPS exhibit exceptional ionic conductivity. Halide-based ISEs, though less studied, show promise due to their high ionic conductivity and compatibility with various battery chemistries. OSPEs, such as PEO and PVDF, offer good mechanical flexibility and processability but have lower ionic conductivity. CSEs combine inorganic and organic materials to enhance mechanical strength and ionic conductivity. Passive fillers like SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ improve mechanical and thermal properties, while active fillers like LLZO and LATP enhance ionic conductivity. Electrode materials for SSBs include Li metal, lithium titanate (LTO), silicon (Si), and lithium silicides. Li metal offers high theoretical capacity but poses safety risks due to dendrite formation. LTO is safer and more stable but has lower energy density. Si offers high theoretical capacity but faces challenges like volume expansion. Researchers are exploring alternatives to improve performance and safety. Overall, SSBs hold significant
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