The standard cosmological model, ΛCDM, successfully describes observations from early and late epochs of the universe, but recent high-precision measurements of the Hubble constant (H₀) show a tension between early and late universe values, with discrepancies ranging from 4.0σ to 5.8σ. This tension suggests the need for an expansion of the standard model or the discovery of new physics. The workshop "Tensions between the Early and the Late Universe" evaluated this discrepancy, focusing on the Hubble constant and new physics explanations. Early universe measurements, such as those from the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), predict a lower H₀ (~67-68 km/s/Mpc), while late universe measurements using methods like the local distance ladder, strong lensing, and megamaser cosmology project yield a higher value (~73-75 km/s/Mpc). These results show a significant discrepancy, with the latest data combining three independent methods showing a 5.3σ difference with early universe predictions. Theories to explain this tension include new physics in the expansion history before recombination, such as an early dark energy component or extra free-streaming neutrinos. These models aim to reconcile the H₀ discrepancy while maintaining consistency with other cosmological observations. The workshop also discussed future prospects for resolving the tension, including improvements in measurement techniques, data analysis, and the use of new methods like gravitational waves and cosmic chronometers. Participants emphasized the need for coordinated efforts in theory, data analysis, and observations to address the discrepancy. The tension between early and late universe values of H₀ is a significant issue in cosmology, indicating potential new physics beyond the standard model. The workshop highlighted the importance of continued research and collaboration to resolve this discrepancy and improve our understanding of the universe's expansion history.The standard cosmological model, ΛCDM, successfully describes observations from early and late epochs of the universe, but recent high-precision measurements of the Hubble constant (H₀) show a tension between early and late universe values, with discrepancies ranging from 4.0σ to 5.8σ. This tension suggests the need for an expansion of the standard model or the discovery of new physics. The workshop "Tensions between the Early and the Late Universe" evaluated this discrepancy, focusing on the Hubble constant and new physics explanations. Early universe measurements, such as those from the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), predict a lower H₀ (~67-68 km/s/Mpc), while late universe measurements using methods like the local distance ladder, strong lensing, and megamaser cosmology project yield a higher value (~73-75 km/s/Mpc). These results show a significant discrepancy, with the latest data combining three independent methods showing a 5.3σ difference with early universe predictions. Theories to explain this tension include new physics in the expansion history before recombination, such as an early dark energy component or extra free-streaming neutrinos. These models aim to reconcile the H₀ discrepancy while maintaining consistency with other cosmological observations. The workshop also discussed future prospects for resolving the tension, including improvements in measurement techniques, data analysis, and the use of new methods like gravitational waves and cosmic chronometers. Participants emphasized the need for coordinated efforts in theory, data analysis, and observations to address the discrepancy. The tension between early and late universe values of H₀ is a significant issue in cosmology, indicating potential new physics beyond the standard model. The workshop highlighted the importance of continued research and collaboration to resolve this discrepancy and improve our understanding of the universe's expansion history.