The chapter outlines the fundamental aspects of testing, including the definition, historical development, components, and tasks of a test. It discusses the criteria for a good test, such as objectivity, reliability, validity, standardization, comparability, economy, and utility. The chapter also covers the classification of tests and different types of test items, such as bound, free, atypical, and complex tasks. Chapter 2 addresses planning issues, including the selection of test item types (true-false, fill-in-the-blank, multiple-choice, matching, ordering, and short-answer) and the criteria for a good test item. It also covers test length, test time, homogeneity and validity of content, and the division of labor in test development. Chapter 3 focuses on the test design, including the distinction between validity and applicability domains, attribute analysis, test structure, and test instructions and scoring plans. Chapter 4 discusses the construction of test items, covering the item concept, rules for linguistic construction, and the provisional test structure. Chapter 5 delves into the analysis of test items, explaining the goal of item analysis, planning and conducting the analysis, and the determination of raw scores. Chapter 6 covers the calculation of difficulty indices, discrimination coefficients, and item intercorrelations, along with the relationships between these measures. Chapter 7 discusses the utilization of analysis data, including item selection and revision, item valuation and sequencing, and the construction of parallel tests. Chapter 8 addresses the analysis of raw score distributions, including the verification of normality, causes of abnormal distributions, and the practical implications. Chapter 9 focuses on the development of the test endform, including the creation of test materials, arrangement of items, presentation, and evaluation. Chapter 10 covers the reliability control of a test, including experimental planning, aspects of reliability, methods for determining reliability, and factors affecting reliability. Chapter 11 discusses the validity control of a test, covering criterion-related validity, content validity, construct validity, methods for determining validity, and factors influencing validity. Chapter 12 addresses test equating, including planning and conducting equating, analyzing equating sample distributions, and developing norms. Chapter 13 focuses on the development of parallel tests and test series, including equivalence criteria, parallel test construction, and methods for equating non-equivalent parallel forms. Chapter 14 discusses test profiles and test batteries, including their characteristics, analysis of profiles, formal construction of batteries, reliability, differential weighing of subtests, and validity. Chapter 15 provides guidance on interpreting objective test results, including the standard measurement error and practical implications.The chapter outlines the fundamental aspects of testing, including the definition, historical development, components, and tasks of a test. It discusses the criteria for a good test, such as objectivity, reliability, validity, standardization, comparability, economy, and utility. The chapter also covers the classification of tests and different types of test items, such as bound, free, atypical, and complex tasks. Chapter 2 addresses planning issues, including the selection of test item types (true-false, fill-in-the-blank, multiple-choice, matching, ordering, and short-answer) and the criteria for a good test item. It also covers test length, test time, homogeneity and validity of content, and the division of labor in test development. Chapter 3 focuses on the test design, including the distinction between validity and applicability domains, attribute analysis, test structure, and test instructions and scoring plans. Chapter 4 discusses the construction of test items, covering the item concept, rules for linguistic construction, and the provisional test structure. Chapter 5 delves into the analysis of test items, explaining the goal of item analysis, planning and conducting the analysis, and the determination of raw scores. Chapter 6 covers the calculation of difficulty indices, discrimination coefficients, and item intercorrelations, along with the relationships between these measures. Chapter 7 discusses the utilization of analysis data, including item selection and revision, item valuation and sequencing, and the construction of parallel tests. Chapter 8 addresses the analysis of raw score distributions, including the verification of normality, causes of abnormal distributions, and the practical implications. Chapter 9 focuses on the development of the test endform, including the creation of test materials, arrangement of items, presentation, and evaluation. Chapter 10 covers the reliability control of a test, including experimental planning, aspects of reliability, methods for determining reliability, and factors affecting reliability. Chapter 11 discusses the validity control of a test, covering criterion-related validity, content validity, construct validity, methods for determining validity, and factors influencing validity. Chapter 12 addresses test equating, including planning and conducting equating, analyzing equating sample distributions, and developing norms. Chapter 13 focuses on the development of parallel tests and test series, including equivalence criteria, parallel test construction, and methods for equating non-equivalent parallel forms. Chapter 14 discusses test profiles and test batteries, including their characteristics, analysis of profiles, formal construction of batteries, reliability, differential weighing of subtests, and validity. Chapter 15 provides guidance on interpreting objective test results, including the standard measurement error and practical implications.