Bruno Latour's Actor-Network Theory (ANT) challenges traditional dualistic approaches in science and society by emphasizing the interconnectedness of actors and networks rather than separating them into distinct categories. ANT, rooted in laboratory ethnography, focuses on the processes of network formation and stabilization, rather than on describing networks as static entities. It argues that scientific knowledge is not merely a product of human reasoning but is shaped through the interactions of various actors, including non-human elements. The theory rejects the traditional distinction between ontology and epistemology, instead proposing that the meaning of phenomena is constructed through the practices of actors and their relationships. ANT also critiques the separation of natural and social realms, advocating for a more integrated understanding of the world. The theory emphasizes the importance of empirical observation and the dynamic processes of network formation, rather than relying on abstract theoretical models. ANT has significant implications for the philosophy of science, sociology, and anthropology, challenging conventional distinctions and promoting a more holistic view of knowledge production and social change. The theory is often described as "subscientific," as it focuses on the practices of scientific inquiry rather than providing a theoretical framework for understanding scientific phenomena. ANT encourages a methodological approach that follows actors and their interactions, rather than seeking to explain the world through fixed categories. This approach has led to a redefinition of concepts such as knowledge, society, and nature, emphasizing the role of relationships and interactions in shaping reality. The theory also highlights the importance of context and the dynamic nature of scientific practices, challenging the notion of science as a purely rational and objective endeavor. Overall, ANT offers a critical perspective on the relationship between science, society, and politics, emphasizing the complexity and interconnectedness of human and non-human actors in shaping the world.Bruno Latour's Actor-Network Theory (ANT) challenges traditional dualistic approaches in science and society by emphasizing the interconnectedness of actors and networks rather than separating them into distinct categories. ANT, rooted in laboratory ethnography, focuses on the processes of network formation and stabilization, rather than on describing networks as static entities. It argues that scientific knowledge is not merely a product of human reasoning but is shaped through the interactions of various actors, including non-human elements. The theory rejects the traditional distinction between ontology and epistemology, instead proposing that the meaning of phenomena is constructed through the practices of actors and their relationships. ANT also critiques the separation of natural and social realms, advocating for a more integrated understanding of the world. The theory emphasizes the importance of empirical observation and the dynamic processes of network formation, rather than relying on abstract theoretical models. ANT has significant implications for the philosophy of science, sociology, and anthropology, challenging conventional distinctions and promoting a more holistic view of knowledge production and social change. The theory is often described as "subscientific," as it focuses on the practices of scientific inquiry rather than providing a theoretical framework for understanding scientific phenomena. ANT encourages a methodological approach that follows actors and their interactions, rather than seeking to explain the world through fixed categories. This approach has led to a redefinition of concepts such as knowledge, society, and nature, emphasizing the role of relationships and interactions in shaping reality. The theory also highlights the importance of context and the dynamic nature of scientific practices, challenging the notion of science as a purely rational and objective endeavor. Overall, ANT offers a critical perspective on the relationship between science, society, and politics, emphasizing the complexity and interconnectedness of human and non-human actors in shaping the world.