This chapter provides an overview of the Brazilian health system, its historical development, and current challenges. Brazil, a country with significant regional and social inequalities, has undergone substantial political, economic, demographic, and social changes over the past 40 years. The health sector reform in Brazil was driven by civil society, leading to the creation of the Unified Health System (SUS) in 1988, which aims to provide universal health care. Despite these efforts, the system remains underfunded and faces challenges such as geographical and social inequalities, inadequate primary care, and a lack of coordination between public and private sectors. The chapter also discusses the decentralization process, the role of private health care, and the need for strengthened political support to address these challenges.This chapter provides an overview of the Brazilian health system, its historical development, and current challenges. Brazil, a country with significant regional and social inequalities, has undergone substantial political, economic, demographic, and social changes over the past 40 years. The health sector reform in Brazil was driven by civil society, leading to the creation of the Unified Health System (SUS) in 1988, which aims to provide universal health care. Despite these efforts, the system remains underfunded and faces challenges such as geographical and social inequalities, inadequate primary care, and a lack of coordination between public and private sectors. The chapter also discusses the decentralization process, the role of private health care, and the need for strengthened political support to address these challenges.