The EPS (extracellular polymeric substances) matrix is described as the "house of biofilm cells," playing a crucial role in the structure and function of biofilms. EPS are complex biopolymers composed of polysaccharides, proteins, glycoproteins, glycolipids, and extracellular DNA (e-DNA), which influence the physical and chemical environment of biofilm cells. These substances determine porosity, water content, charge, and mechanical stability, enabling the biofilm to maintain its structure and interact with the environment. EPS also facilitate the retention of enzymes and other molecules, contributing to the biofilm's ability to degrade materials and resist external stresses. EPS are essential for biofilm development, with various polysaccharides like alginate and levan playing specific roles. While alginate is well-studied in mucoid biofilms, other polysaccharides are also important in non-mucoid biofilms. e-DNA is a significant component of EPS, contributing to the structural integrity of biofilms and potentially serving as a medium for cell communication and electron transfer. The EPS matrix is dynamic, with components such as cellulose and curli fimbriae playing roles in biofilm structure and function. The EPS matrix also facilitates horizontal gene transfer, allowing for the exchange of genetic material among biofilm cells. Membrane vesicles, which are released from biofilm cells, may carry genetic material and contribute to the biofilm's ability to resist biocides. The complexity of the EPS matrix highlights the need for further research to understand its functions and dynamics. Modeling EPS is challenging, but it could help predict and control biofilm processes. Overall, the EPS matrix is a sophisticated system that supports the unique lifestyle of biofilms, contributing to their stability and survival in diverse environments.The EPS (extracellular polymeric substances) matrix is described as the "house of biofilm cells," playing a crucial role in the structure and function of biofilms. EPS are complex biopolymers composed of polysaccharides, proteins, glycoproteins, glycolipids, and extracellular DNA (e-DNA), which influence the physical and chemical environment of biofilm cells. These substances determine porosity, water content, charge, and mechanical stability, enabling the biofilm to maintain its structure and interact with the environment. EPS also facilitate the retention of enzymes and other molecules, contributing to the biofilm's ability to degrade materials and resist external stresses. EPS are essential for biofilm development, with various polysaccharides like alginate and levan playing specific roles. While alginate is well-studied in mucoid biofilms, other polysaccharides are also important in non-mucoid biofilms. e-DNA is a significant component of EPS, contributing to the structural integrity of biofilms and potentially serving as a medium for cell communication and electron transfer. The EPS matrix is dynamic, with components such as cellulose and curli fimbriae playing roles in biofilm structure and function. The EPS matrix also facilitates horizontal gene transfer, allowing for the exchange of genetic material among biofilm cells. Membrane vesicles, which are released from biofilm cells, may carry genetic material and contribute to the biofilm's ability to resist biocides. The complexity of the EPS matrix highlights the need for further research to understand its functions and dynamics. Modeling EPS is challenging, but it could help predict and control biofilm processes. Overall, the EPS matrix is a sophisticated system that supports the unique lifestyle of biofilms, contributing to their stability and survival in diverse environments.