A systematic review was conducted to examine the relationship between physical activity, neuroplasticity, and cognition. A total of 17 articles were included after screening 995 articles from PubMed, Scopus, and the Virtual Health Library. The results indicated that aerobic exercise, particularly at high intensity, influences cortical excitability and improves cognitive function. Exercise was associated with direct cortical and structural changes, and showed efficacy in individuals of various ages, including those with and without brain diseases. Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to adapt and change, and regular exercise has been shown to have beneficial effects on cognitive and brain functions. Research has demonstrated that a single exercise session can enhance executive functions such as planning, task switching, response inhibition, and working memory. The existing evidence primarily consists of studies involving moderate-intensity, multi-session exercise across various age groups. However, recent findings suggest that high-intensity exercise enhances memory in children, indicating that exercise has cognitive benefits that persist throughout the lifespan. Aerobic exercise increases the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a crucial neurotransmitter involved in cognitive functions. Studies have shown that women tend to have a more pronounced elevation of BDNF during aerobic exercise compared to males. Individuals with neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric conditions exhibit diminished levels of BDNF. Changes in BDNF levels have been associated with various treatments, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, and non-pharmacological interventions such as electroconvulsive therapy and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Aerobic exercise has been shown to have an effect on mood through several mechanisms, including enhancing self-efficacy, motivation, and energy levels. It also improves psychosocial functioning and induces antidepressant effects through promoting beneficial neurobiological changes. The review found that aerobic exercise has a significant effect on cortical activation and BDNF levels, with high-intensity exercise showing the most significant effects. The review also found that exercise has a direct effect on the cerebral cortex and its neuroplasticity, particularly on excitability. Studies showed that aerobic exercise increases BDNF levels, which is essential for improving cognitive performance. Exercise-induced changes in BDNF levels have multiple benefits, including neuroplasticity, synaptic maintenance, neuronal survival, and neuroprotection. Additionally, regular physical activity has been identified as a powerful regulator of cognitive performance, particularly in relation to memory. The review concluded that exercise has a positive impact on brain health, with aerobic exercise being particularly beneficial for memory, cognitive flexibility, executive functioning, and mental fatigue. The findings suggest that exercise, especially high-intensity aerobic exercise, is an effective natural method for boosting BDNF levels and improving cognitive function. The review also highlights the importance of exercise intensity in influencing biochemical and structural changes in the brain.A systematic review was conducted to examine the relationship between physical activity, neuroplasticity, and cognition. A total of 17 articles were included after screening 995 articles from PubMed, Scopus, and the Virtual Health Library. The results indicated that aerobic exercise, particularly at high intensity, influences cortical excitability and improves cognitive function. Exercise was associated with direct cortical and structural changes, and showed efficacy in individuals of various ages, including those with and without brain diseases. Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to adapt and change, and regular exercise has been shown to have beneficial effects on cognitive and brain functions. Research has demonstrated that a single exercise session can enhance executive functions such as planning, task switching, response inhibition, and working memory. The existing evidence primarily consists of studies involving moderate-intensity, multi-session exercise across various age groups. However, recent findings suggest that high-intensity exercise enhances memory in children, indicating that exercise has cognitive benefits that persist throughout the lifespan. Aerobic exercise increases the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a crucial neurotransmitter involved in cognitive functions. Studies have shown that women tend to have a more pronounced elevation of BDNF during aerobic exercise compared to males. Individuals with neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric conditions exhibit diminished levels of BDNF. Changes in BDNF levels have been associated with various treatments, including antidepressants, antipsychotics, and non-pharmacological interventions such as electroconvulsive therapy and transcranial magnetic stimulation. Aerobic exercise has been shown to have an effect on mood through several mechanisms, including enhancing self-efficacy, motivation, and energy levels. It also improves psychosocial functioning and induces antidepressant effects through promoting beneficial neurobiological changes. The review found that aerobic exercise has a significant effect on cortical activation and BDNF levels, with high-intensity exercise showing the most significant effects. The review also found that exercise has a direct effect on the cerebral cortex and its neuroplasticity, particularly on excitability. Studies showed that aerobic exercise increases BDNF levels, which is essential for improving cognitive performance. Exercise-induced changes in BDNF levels have multiple benefits, including neuroplasticity, synaptic maintenance, neuronal survival, and neuroprotection. Additionally, regular physical activity has been identified as a powerful regulator of cognitive performance, particularly in relation to memory. The review concluded that exercise has a positive impact on brain health, with aerobic exercise being particularly beneficial for memory, cognitive flexibility, executive functioning, and mental fatigue. The findings suggest that exercise, especially high-intensity aerobic exercise, is an effective natural method for boosting BDNF levels and improving cognitive function. The review also highlights the importance of exercise intensity in influencing biochemical and structural changes in the brain.