The article reviews the history of nanoscience and nanotechnology, tracing their development from early scientific concepts to modern applications in various fields. It begins by defining nanoscience and nanotechnology, explaining that nanoscience involves the study of materials at the nanometer scale, while nanotechnology applies this knowledge to create practical devices and systems. The field gained public attention in the early 2000s, leading to the commercialization of nanotechnology. The article highlights the contributions of key scientists, such as Richard Feynman, who introduced the concept of nanotechnology in 1959, and Norio Taniguchi, who coined the term in 1974. It discusses the two main approaches to nanotechnology: top-down and bottom-up, which involve different methods of creating nanostructures. The article also covers the historical use of nanomaterials, such as in the Lycurgus Cup, and the development of key technologies like the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). The evolution of nanotechnology is highlighted, including the discovery of fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and carbon dots. The article emphasizes the growing importance of nanotechnology in biomedical applications, particularly in cancer treatment, and its potential for improving diagnostics and therapies. It also discusses the role of nanotechnology in environmental applications and energy production. The review concludes by summarizing the progress in nanoscience and nanotechnology across various scientific disciplines and their impact on modern technology and medicine.The article reviews the history of nanoscience and nanotechnology, tracing their development from early scientific concepts to modern applications in various fields. It begins by defining nanoscience and nanotechnology, explaining that nanoscience involves the study of materials at the nanometer scale, while nanotechnology applies this knowledge to create practical devices and systems. The field gained public attention in the early 2000s, leading to the commercialization of nanotechnology. The article highlights the contributions of key scientists, such as Richard Feynman, who introduced the concept of nanotechnology in 1959, and Norio Taniguchi, who coined the term in 1974. It discusses the two main approaches to nanotechnology: top-down and bottom-up, which involve different methods of creating nanostructures. The article also covers the historical use of nanomaterials, such as in the Lycurgus Cup, and the development of key technologies like the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). The evolution of nanotechnology is highlighted, including the discovery of fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and carbon dots. The article emphasizes the growing importance of nanotechnology in biomedical applications, particularly in cancer treatment, and its potential for improving diagnostics and therapies. It also discusses the role of nanotechnology in environmental applications and energy production. The review concludes by summarizing the progress in nanoscience and nanotechnology across various scientific disciplines and their impact on modern technology and medicine.