The article "The Idea of Public Reason Revisited" by John Rawls explores the concept of public reason within a well-ordered constitutional democratic society. Rawls argues that public reason is essential for understanding the political relationship between citizens and the state, particularly in the context of reasonable pluralism, where multiple conflicting comprehensive doctrines coexist. The core idea of public reason is to replace comprehensive doctrines with a politically reasonable conception addressed to citizens as citizens, focusing on fundamental political questions and the public good. Rawls outlines five aspects of public reason: the questions it applies to, the persons it applies to (government officials and candidates for public office), its content as given by a family of reasonable political conceptions of justice, the application of these conceptions in discussions of coercive norms, and the citizens' role in checking the principles derived from their conceptions of justice against the criterion of reciprocity. The article emphasizes that public reason is distinct from secular reason and secular values, which are based on nonreligious doctrines. Political values, on the other hand, are intrinsic to democratic citizenship and fall under the category of the political. Public reason is characterized by its completeness, meaning that each political conception should express principles, standards, and ideals that can reasonably answer questions involving constitutional essentials and matters of basic justice. Rawls provides examples to illustrate the content of public reason, such as the value of autonomy, the Good Samaritan story, and the distribution of income based on desert. He also discusses the role of religion in public reason, suggesting that religious doctrines can be compatible with a liberal political conception if they accept a democratic regime and its principles. Finally, Rawls introduces the concept of the wide view of public political culture, which includes the public political forum and the background culture. The public political forum consists of judicial decisions, government officials' discourse, and candidates' discourse, while the background culture is the civil society with its diverse agencies and associations guided by a framework of law ensuring freedom of thought, speech, and association.The article "The Idea of Public Reason Revisited" by John Rawls explores the concept of public reason within a well-ordered constitutional democratic society. Rawls argues that public reason is essential for understanding the political relationship between citizens and the state, particularly in the context of reasonable pluralism, where multiple conflicting comprehensive doctrines coexist. The core idea of public reason is to replace comprehensive doctrines with a politically reasonable conception addressed to citizens as citizens, focusing on fundamental political questions and the public good. Rawls outlines five aspects of public reason: the questions it applies to, the persons it applies to (government officials and candidates for public office), its content as given by a family of reasonable political conceptions of justice, the application of these conceptions in discussions of coercive norms, and the citizens' role in checking the principles derived from their conceptions of justice against the criterion of reciprocity. The article emphasizes that public reason is distinct from secular reason and secular values, which are based on nonreligious doctrines. Political values, on the other hand, are intrinsic to democratic citizenship and fall under the category of the political. Public reason is characterized by its completeness, meaning that each political conception should express principles, standards, and ideals that can reasonably answer questions involving constitutional essentials and matters of basic justice. Rawls provides examples to illustrate the content of public reason, such as the value of autonomy, the Good Samaritan story, and the distribution of income based on desert. He also discusses the role of religion in public reason, suggesting that religious doctrines can be compatible with a liberal political conception if they accept a democratic regime and its principles. Finally, Rawls introduces the concept of the wide view of public political culture, which includes the public political forum and the background culture. The public political forum consists of judicial decisions, government officials' discourse, and candidates' discourse, while the background culture is the civil society with its diverse agencies and associations guided by a framework of law ensuring freedom of thought, speech, and association.