The article reviews the immunomodulatory potential of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). SCFAs, including valerate, butyrate, propionate, and acetate, are produced by the gut microbiota through dietary fiber fermentation and play crucial roles in modulating inflammation and immune responses. Butyrate and propionate, in particular, exhibit pronounced anti-inflammatory effects in both the gut and CNS. These SCFAs influence regulatory T lymphocyte expression and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, which are key factors in MS pathogenesis. The review highlights the potential therapeutic implications of SCFAs in MS, emphasizing their ability to modulate the gut-brain axis and restore immune balance. Studies show that SCFA supplementation can reduce inflammation, enhance BBB integrity, and promote the differentiation of regulatory T cells, potentially offering new strategies for MS therapy. However, clinical trials are needed to translate preclinical findings into practical applications.The article reviews the immunomodulatory potential of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). SCFAs, including valerate, butyrate, propionate, and acetate, are produced by the gut microbiota through dietary fiber fermentation and play crucial roles in modulating inflammation and immune responses. Butyrate and propionate, in particular, exhibit pronounced anti-inflammatory effects in both the gut and CNS. These SCFAs influence regulatory T lymphocyte expression and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, which are key factors in MS pathogenesis. The review highlights the potential therapeutic implications of SCFAs in MS, emphasizing their ability to modulate the gut-brain axis and restore immune balance. Studies show that SCFA supplementation can reduce inflammation, enhance BBB integrity, and promote the differentiation of regulatory T cells, potentially offering new strategies for MS therapy. However, clinical trials are needed to translate preclinical findings into practical applications.