The article "The Impact of Immune System Aging on Infectious Diseases" by Eugenia Quiros-Roldan, Alessandra Sottini, Pier Giorgio Natali, and Luisa Imberti explores the increasing public health concern of immune system aging due to prolonged life expectancy. The authors discuss the changes in the innate and adaptive immune systems, known as inflammaging and immune senescence, which lead to increased vulnerability to infections and reduced vaccine efficacy in the elderly. They highlight the complex interplay between these conditions and their impact on infectious diseases, such as influenza, pneumonia, and viral and bacterial infections. The review also examines sex differences in immune responses and the role of biomarkers in assessing immune system aging. Additionally, it discusses the challenges in studying age-related immune system variations using traditional methods and introduces system immunology as a more comprehensive approach. The article emphasizes the need for personalized strategies to address the unique immune challenges faced by older adults and the importance of understanding the underlying mechanisms to develop effective preventive and therapeutic interventions.The article "The Impact of Immune System Aging on Infectious Diseases" by Eugenia Quiros-Roldan, Alessandra Sottini, Pier Giorgio Natali, and Luisa Imberti explores the increasing public health concern of immune system aging due to prolonged life expectancy. The authors discuss the changes in the innate and adaptive immune systems, known as inflammaging and immune senescence, which lead to increased vulnerability to infections and reduced vaccine efficacy in the elderly. They highlight the complex interplay between these conditions and their impact on infectious diseases, such as influenza, pneumonia, and viral and bacterial infections. The review also examines sex differences in immune responses and the role of biomarkers in assessing immune system aging. Additionally, it discusses the challenges in studying age-related immune system variations using traditional methods and introduces system immunology as a more comprehensive approach. The article emphasizes the need for personalized strategies to address the unique immune challenges faced by older adults and the importance of understanding the underlying mechanisms to develop effective preventive and therapeutic interventions.