The review discusses the role of the microbiota in long COVID, a persistent condition affecting many individuals post-SARS-CoV-2 infection. While vaccines have reduced the severity of acute COVID-19, long COVID remains a significant health issue. The human microbiota, particularly in the gut and upper respiratory tract, plays a crucial role in health and disease. Studies show that the gut microbiota is altered in both acute and long COVID patients, with dysbiosis potentially contributing to the disease's pathogenesis. The nasopharyngeal microbiota is also affected in acute COVID-19, with changes linked to disease severity. However, the role of the microbiota in long COVID is less understood. Research indicates that gut dysbiosis may be involved in the development of long COVID, with some studies showing that the gut microbiota of long COVID patients is altered compared to uninfected controls. The upper respiratory tract microbiota, particularly in the nasopharynx, is also key for SARS-CoV-2 infection and may contribute to long COVID. The review highlights the need for further research to understand the microbiota's role in long COVID and to develop therapeutic strategies based on microbiota manipulation. The study emphasizes the importance of characterizing the microbiota dynamics in long COVID patients and exploring the potential of microbiota-based therapies.The review discusses the role of the microbiota in long COVID, a persistent condition affecting many individuals post-SARS-CoV-2 infection. While vaccines have reduced the severity of acute COVID-19, long COVID remains a significant health issue. The human microbiota, particularly in the gut and upper respiratory tract, plays a crucial role in health and disease. Studies show that the gut microbiota is altered in both acute and long COVID patients, with dysbiosis potentially contributing to the disease's pathogenesis. The nasopharyngeal microbiota is also affected in acute COVID-19, with changes linked to disease severity. However, the role of the microbiota in long COVID is less understood. Research indicates that gut dysbiosis may be involved in the development of long COVID, with some studies showing that the gut microbiota of long COVID patients is altered compared to uninfected controls. The upper respiratory tract microbiota, particularly in the nasopharynx, is also key for SARS-CoV-2 infection and may contribute to long COVID. The review highlights the need for further research to understand the microbiota's role in long COVID and to develop therapeutic strategies based on microbiota manipulation. The study emphasizes the importance of characterizing the microbiota dynamics in long COVID patients and exploring the potential of microbiota-based therapies.