This review delves into key metabolic diseases affecting dairy cattle, focusing on subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), ketosis, and hypocalcemia. The aim is to examine each disease in terms of its etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and treatment and prevention strategies. The review emphasizes early diagnosis and proactive management to mitigate the impact of these metabolic diseases on dairy cattle health and productivity. **Subacute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA):** - **Etiology and Pathophysiology:** SARA is characterized by prolonged periods of depressed ruminal pH below 5.5–5.6, often caused by excessive carbohydrate intake leading to increased lactic acid production. - **Clinical Presentation:** Symptoms include reduced feed intake, decreased milk production, poor body condition, and laminitis. - **Diagnosis:** Rumen pH measurement is the primary diagnostic tool, with a pH below 5.5 in over 25% of sampled cows indicating a high risk of SARA. - **Prevention:** Gradual increase in carbohydrate content, maintaining dry matter intake, and using feed additives like monensin to prevent ketosis. **Ketosis:** - **Etiology and Pathophysiology:** Ketosis is a common metabolic disorder characterized by elevated ketone bodies (BHB) in blood, milk, and urine, often due to increased fat mobilization and energy demands during lactation. - **Clinical Presentation:** Symptoms include anorexia, rapid weight loss, reduced milk production, and clinical signs of metabolic acidosis. - **Diagnosis:** Subclinical ketosis is detected through blood BHB concentration and liver biopsy, with a critical level set at 10%. - **Treatment and Prevention:** Oral administration of propylene glycol, glucose infusions, and long-acting insulin are effective treatments. Prevention involves balanced nutrition and proper lactation and dry period management. **Hypocalcemia:** - **Etiology and Pathophysiology:** Hypocalcemia occurs due to the sudden production of large quantities of milk and the acute depletion of ionized calcium reserves. - **Clinical Presentation:** Symptoms include nerve and muscle hypersensitivity, extreme exhaustion, and loss of consciousness. - **Diagnosis:** Serum calcium levels are measured, with values below 8.0 mg/dL indicating hypocalcemia. - **Treatment and Prevention:** Intravenous calcium borogluconate is administered, and prevention involves feeding cows with low calcium content during the dry period and providing vitamin D and oral calcium supplements. The review highlights the importance of early detection and proactive management to effectively address these metabolic diseases, providing valuable insights for veterinarians, researchers, and dairy farmers.This review delves into key metabolic diseases affecting dairy cattle, focusing on subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), ketosis, and hypocalcemia. The aim is to examine each disease in terms of its etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and treatment and prevention strategies. The review emphasizes early diagnosis and proactive management to mitigate the impact of these metabolic diseases on dairy cattle health and productivity. **Subacute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA):** - **Etiology and Pathophysiology:** SARA is characterized by prolonged periods of depressed ruminal pH below 5.5–5.6, often caused by excessive carbohydrate intake leading to increased lactic acid production. - **Clinical Presentation:** Symptoms include reduced feed intake, decreased milk production, poor body condition, and laminitis. - **Diagnosis:** Rumen pH measurement is the primary diagnostic tool, with a pH below 5.5 in over 25% of sampled cows indicating a high risk of SARA. - **Prevention:** Gradual increase in carbohydrate content, maintaining dry matter intake, and using feed additives like monensin to prevent ketosis. **Ketosis:** - **Etiology and Pathophysiology:** Ketosis is a common metabolic disorder characterized by elevated ketone bodies (BHB) in blood, milk, and urine, often due to increased fat mobilization and energy demands during lactation. - **Clinical Presentation:** Symptoms include anorexia, rapid weight loss, reduced milk production, and clinical signs of metabolic acidosis. - **Diagnosis:** Subclinical ketosis is detected through blood BHB concentration and liver biopsy, with a critical level set at 10%. - **Treatment and Prevention:** Oral administration of propylene glycol, glucose infusions, and long-acting insulin are effective treatments. Prevention involves balanced nutrition and proper lactation and dry period management. **Hypocalcemia:** - **Etiology and Pathophysiology:** Hypocalcemia occurs due to the sudden production of large quantities of milk and the acute depletion of ionized calcium reserves. - **Clinical Presentation:** Symptoms include nerve and muscle hypersensitivity, extreme exhaustion, and loss of consciousness. - **Diagnosis:** Serum calcium levels are measured, with values below 8.0 mg/dL indicating hypocalcemia. - **Treatment and Prevention:** Intravenous calcium borogluconate is administered, and prevention involves feeding cows with low calcium content during the dry period and providing vitamin D and oral calcium supplements. The review highlights the importance of early detection and proactive management to effectively address these metabolic diseases, providing valuable insights for veterinarians, researchers, and dairy farmers.