The article discusses the role of the nucleolus and Cajal bodies (CBs) in cellular stress responses. The nucleolus, a major hub for ribosome biogenesis, undergoes dynamic changes under stress conditions, including reorganization of its internal structure and altered protein content. Stress-induced changes in the nucleolus are often accompanied by dramatic alterations in its morphology and composition, such as nucleolar segregation or fragmentation. These changes are linked to stress signaling pathways and can affect ribosome subunit production and cell growth. The article also highlights the multifunctional role of the nucleolus, which includes cell-cycle control, apoptosis, viral infection, DNA replication, and repair. Additionally, it explores the crosstalk between the nucleolus and CBs, which are involved in the maturation of certain nuclear RNAs and are closely linked to the nucleolus. CBs can be disrupted by various stress conditions, leading to their redistribution and potentially affecting their function in RNA processing. The article concludes by discussing the potential mechanisms involved in the stress-induced rearrangements of the nucleolus and CBs, including posttranslational modifications and protein interactions.The article discusses the role of the nucleolus and Cajal bodies (CBs) in cellular stress responses. The nucleolus, a major hub for ribosome biogenesis, undergoes dynamic changes under stress conditions, including reorganization of its internal structure and altered protein content. Stress-induced changes in the nucleolus are often accompanied by dramatic alterations in its morphology and composition, such as nucleolar segregation or fragmentation. These changes are linked to stress signaling pathways and can affect ribosome subunit production and cell growth. The article also highlights the multifunctional role of the nucleolus, which includes cell-cycle control, apoptosis, viral infection, DNA replication, and repair. Additionally, it explores the crosstalk between the nucleolus and CBs, which are involved in the maturation of certain nuclear RNAs and are closely linked to the nucleolus. CBs can be disrupted by various stress conditions, leading to their redistribution and potentially affecting their function in RNA processing. The article concludes by discussing the potential mechanisms involved in the stress-induced rearrangements of the nucleolus and CBs, including posttranslational modifications and protein interactions.