The article discusses the relationship between leishmaniasis and AIDS, focusing on the second decade of their co-occurrence. It highlights the increasing prevalence of leishmaniasis in HIV-positive individuals, particularly in southern Europe, South Asia, Brazil, and sub-Saharan Africa. Leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease, affects millions globally, with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) being the most severe form, and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) being a disfiguring disease. The co-occurrence of leishmaniasis and HIV has been observed since the 1980s, with a significant increase in cases in southern Europe. The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has reduced the number of coinfected cases in some regions, but the problem has expanded to other areas due to increased overlap between the two diseases. The article provides epidemiological data on leishmaniasis-HIV coinfection, noting that in southern Europe, the number of cases has decreased since the 1990s due to HAART, but the problem persists in other regions. In South Asia, leishmaniasis is the main focus of VL, with a high incidence rate. In Brazil, both CL and VL have been increasing, with a significant number of cases in the northeast. In sub-Saharan Africa, leishmaniasis is prevalent in several countries, with a high incidence of coinfection in some regions. The article also discusses the microbiology of leishmaniasis in HIV-positive patients, noting the identification of various Leishmania species, including L. infantum, and the presence of different zymodemes. The pathogenesis of leishmaniasis-HIV coinfection is discussed, highlighting the synergistic effects of both diseases on the immune system. HIV increases the risk of developing VL and reduces the likelihood of a therapeutic response, while VL accelerates the progression of HIV disease. The article also covers the diagnosis and treatment of leishmaniasis in HIV-positive patients, noting the use of various antileishmanial drugs and antiretroviral therapy. The article concludes with perspectives on the management of leishmaniasis-HIV coinfection, emphasizing the need for further research and improved treatment strategies.The article discusses the relationship between leishmaniasis and AIDS, focusing on the second decade of their co-occurrence. It highlights the increasing prevalence of leishmaniasis in HIV-positive individuals, particularly in southern Europe, South Asia, Brazil, and sub-Saharan Africa. Leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease, affects millions globally, with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) being the most severe form, and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) being a disfiguring disease. The co-occurrence of leishmaniasis and HIV has been observed since the 1980s, with a significant increase in cases in southern Europe. The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has reduced the number of coinfected cases in some regions, but the problem has expanded to other areas due to increased overlap between the two diseases. The article provides epidemiological data on leishmaniasis-HIV coinfection, noting that in southern Europe, the number of cases has decreased since the 1990s due to HAART, but the problem persists in other regions. In South Asia, leishmaniasis is the main focus of VL, with a high incidence rate. In Brazil, both CL and VL have been increasing, with a significant number of cases in the northeast. In sub-Saharan Africa, leishmaniasis is prevalent in several countries, with a high incidence of coinfection in some regions. The article also discusses the microbiology of leishmaniasis in HIV-positive patients, noting the identification of various Leishmania species, including L. infantum, and the presence of different zymodemes. The pathogenesis of leishmaniasis-HIV coinfection is discussed, highlighting the synergistic effects of both diseases on the immune system. HIV increases the risk of developing VL and reduces the likelihood of a therapeutic response, while VL accelerates the progression of HIV disease. The article also covers the diagnosis and treatment of leishmaniasis in HIV-positive patients, noting the use of various antileishmanial drugs and antiretroviral therapy. The article concludes with perspectives on the management of leishmaniasis-HIV coinfection, emphasizing the need for further research and improved treatment strategies.