The infant gut microbiome plays a critical role in the healthy development of the human organism and is influenced by dietary practices through multiple pathways. Maternal diet during pregnancy and infant nutrition significantly influence the infant gut microbiota. Breastfeeding fosters the proliferation of beneficial bacteria, while formula feeding increases microbial diversity. The timing of introducing solid foods also influences gut microbiota composition. In preterm infants, the gut microbiota development is influenced by factors such as the time since birth and the intake of breast milk. Interventions like probiotics and prebiotics show promising results in reducing morbidity and mortality in this population. The infant gut microbiome is heavily dependent on diet, especially during the first two years of life, due to changes like breast or formula feeding, weaning, and the introduction of solid foods. This review aims to assess the impact of diet and nutritional interventions on the infant gut microbiome, exploring how specific nutrients, dietary patterns, feeding practices, and interventions like prebiotics, probiotics, and dietary supplements can influence the establishment and development of a healthy gut microbiome in infants. The review also identifies current research gaps and highlights potential areas for future investigation. The review found that maternal diet during pregnancy has a limited impact on the infant microbiome, with no significant independent effect after adjusting for variables like delivery mode and breastfeeding status. Probiotic and prebiotic supplementation during pregnancy and lactation showed some effects on the infant gut microbiota but had limited long-term impact. Breastfeeding is crucial for establishing a healthy gut microbiome, with breast milk containing components like HMOs that promote the growth of beneficial bacteria. Formula feeding leads to a more diverse microbiome but less beneficial bacteria compared to breastfeeding. The duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding significantly influence the infant gut microbiota composition. Infants who are exclusively breastfed have a more diverse and stable microbiome compared to formula-fed infants. Formula-fed infants show more diverse colonization but less beneficial bacteria. The addition of prebiotics to infant formula can increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacteria. Probiotic supplementation in formula has limited effects on the infant gut microbiota. The introduction of complementary foods significantly changes the gut microbiota composition, with a shift from Bifidobacteria-dominant to Bacteroidetes- and Firmicutes-dominant communities. The timing of introducing solid foods influences gut microbiota composition, with earlier introduction potentially increasing microbial diversity. Preterm infants have an atypical gut microbiome due to factors like incubator use, cesarean delivery, and the inability to breastfeed. Maternal breast milk is crucial for preterm infants, reducing the risk of NEC. Early enteral feeding in preterm infants is associated with increased presence of certain bacterial genera. The gut microbiome of preterm infants is influenced by factors like time since birth and breast milk intake. The review highlights the importance of diet and nutritional interventions in shaping the infant gut microbiome andThe infant gut microbiome plays a critical role in the healthy development of the human organism and is influenced by dietary practices through multiple pathways. Maternal diet during pregnancy and infant nutrition significantly influence the infant gut microbiota. Breastfeeding fosters the proliferation of beneficial bacteria, while formula feeding increases microbial diversity. The timing of introducing solid foods also influences gut microbiota composition. In preterm infants, the gut microbiota development is influenced by factors such as the time since birth and the intake of breast milk. Interventions like probiotics and prebiotics show promising results in reducing morbidity and mortality in this population. The infant gut microbiome is heavily dependent on diet, especially during the first two years of life, due to changes like breast or formula feeding, weaning, and the introduction of solid foods. This review aims to assess the impact of diet and nutritional interventions on the infant gut microbiome, exploring how specific nutrients, dietary patterns, feeding practices, and interventions like prebiotics, probiotics, and dietary supplements can influence the establishment and development of a healthy gut microbiome in infants. The review also identifies current research gaps and highlights potential areas for future investigation. The review found that maternal diet during pregnancy has a limited impact on the infant microbiome, with no significant independent effect after adjusting for variables like delivery mode and breastfeeding status. Probiotic and prebiotic supplementation during pregnancy and lactation showed some effects on the infant gut microbiota but had limited long-term impact. Breastfeeding is crucial for establishing a healthy gut microbiome, with breast milk containing components like HMOs that promote the growth of beneficial bacteria. Formula feeding leads to a more diverse microbiome but less beneficial bacteria compared to breastfeeding. The duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding significantly influence the infant gut microbiota composition. Infants who are exclusively breastfed have a more diverse and stable microbiome compared to formula-fed infants. Formula-fed infants show more diverse colonization but less beneficial bacteria. The addition of prebiotics to infant formula can increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacteria. Probiotic supplementation in formula has limited effects on the infant gut microbiota. The introduction of complementary foods significantly changes the gut microbiota composition, with a shift from Bifidobacteria-dominant to Bacteroidetes- and Firmicutes-dominant communities. The timing of introducing solid foods influences gut microbiota composition, with earlier introduction potentially increasing microbial diversity. Preterm infants have an atypical gut microbiome due to factors like incubator use, cesarean delivery, and the inability to breastfeed. Maternal breast milk is crucial for preterm infants, reducing the risk of NEC. Early enteral feeding in preterm infants is associated with increased presence of certain bacterial genera. The gut microbiome of preterm infants is influenced by factors like time since birth and breast milk intake. The review highlights the importance of diet and nutritional interventions in shaping the infant gut microbiome and