Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), produced by gut microbiota through fermentation of dietary fibers and resistant starch, play a key role in gut-brain communication. SCFAs, including acetate, propionate, and butyrate, influence neuro-immunoendocrine functions and are involved in microbiota-gut-brain interactions. These metabolites can cross the blood-brain barrier and affect brain function through various mechanisms, including modulation of neurotransmitters, activation of G protein-coupled receptors, and inhibition of histone deacetylases. SCFAs also regulate immune function, gut barrier integrity, and neuroinflammation. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota has been linked to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. SCFAs may help modulate these conditions by influencing brain function and reducing inflammation. Additionally, SCFAs are involved in metabolic disorders, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, by regulating energy homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Research on SCFAs and their role in gut-brain communication is ongoing, with potential applications in the development of therapies for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Further studies are needed to fully understand the mechanisms through which SCFAs influence brain function and behavior.Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), produced by gut microbiota through fermentation of dietary fibers and resistant starch, play a key role in gut-brain communication. SCFAs, including acetate, propionate, and butyrate, influence neuro-immunoendocrine functions and are involved in microbiota-gut-brain interactions. These metabolites can cross the blood-brain barrier and affect brain function through various mechanisms, including modulation of neurotransmitters, activation of G protein-coupled receptors, and inhibition of histone deacetylases. SCFAs also regulate immune function, gut barrier integrity, and neuroinflammation. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota has been linked to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, such as autism spectrum disorder, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. SCFAs may help modulate these conditions by influencing brain function and reducing inflammation. Additionally, SCFAs are involved in metabolic disorders, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, by regulating energy homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Research on SCFAs and their role in gut-brain communication is ongoing, with potential applications in the development of therapies for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Further studies are needed to fully understand the mechanisms through which SCFAs influence brain function and behavior.