The article reviews the role of stem cells in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), focusing on their regenerative and immunomodulatory properties. CVDs, including atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease (CAD), cardiomyopathies, and heart failure (HF), are leading causes of death globally. Current treatments, such as endovascular interventions and pharmacological therapies, are effective but do not induce cardiac tissue regeneration. Stem cells, particularly mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), show promise in improving cardiac function and reducing fibrosis. MSCs, derived from various sources like bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord, have been extensively studied for their ability to differentiate into multiple cell types and modulate immune responses. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that MSCs can improve left ventricular ejection fraction, reduce fibrosis, and decrease infarct size. Paracrine factors secreted by MSCs, such as exosomes, play a crucial role in these beneficial effects. For instance, MSCs can regulate macrophage polarization, reduce inflammation, and enhance angiogenesis. iPSCs, generated from somatic cells, have also shown potential in cardiac regeneration. iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes can differentiate into atrial and ventricular subtypes and exhibit improved antifibrotic properties compared to MSCs. However, concerns about tumorigenesis and the immature phenotype of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes remain. Techniques such as tissue engineering and microtissue formation are being explored to enhance the maturation and functionality of iPSC-derived cells. The article also discusses the impact of heart failure on stem cell functionality, highlighting that heart failure can impair the regenerative capacity of circulating stem cells. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that stem cell therapy can improve cardiac function and reduce infarct size in animal models and patients with HF. Overall, the review emphasizes the potential of stem cells in treating CVDs and the need for further research to improve their efficacy and safety.The article reviews the role of stem cells in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), focusing on their regenerative and immunomodulatory properties. CVDs, including atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease (CAD), cardiomyopathies, and heart failure (HF), are leading causes of death globally. Current treatments, such as endovascular interventions and pharmacological therapies, are effective but do not induce cardiac tissue regeneration. Stem cells, particularly mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), show promise in improving cardiac function and reducing fibrosis. MSCs, derived from various sources like bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord, have been extensively studied for their ability to differentiate into multiple cell types and modulate immune responses. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that MSCs can improve left ventricular ejection fraction, reduce fibrosis, and decrease infarct size. Paracrine factors secreted by MSCs, such as exosomes, play a crucial role in these beneficial effects. For instance, MSCs can regulate macrophage polarization, reduce inflammation, and enhance angiogenesis. iPSCs, generated from somatic cells, have also shown potential in cardiac regeneration. iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes can differentiate into atrial and ventricular subtypes and exhibit improved antifibrotic properties compared to MSCs. However, concerns about tumorigenesis and the immature phenotype of iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes remain. Techniques such as tissue engineering and microtissue formation are being explored to enhance the maturation and functionality of iPSC-derived cells. The article also discusses the impact of heart failure on stem cell functionality, highlighting that heart failure can impair the regenerative capacity of circulating stem cells. Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that stem cell therapy can improve cardiac function and reduce infarct size in animal models and patients with HF. Overall, the review emphasizes the potential of stem cells in treating CVDs and the need for further research to improve their efficacy and safety.