The Rotterdam Study is a prospective cohort study initiated in 1989 in Rotterdam, Netherlands, focusing on cardiovascular, endocrine, hepatic, neurological, ophthalmic, psychiatric, and respiratory diseases. As of 2008, the study included 14,926 participants aged 45 years or older. The study has been approved by ethical review boards and has been updated with new examination cycles and methods. **Cardiovascular Diseases:** - **Objectives:** Study risk factors for atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, detect high-risk individuals, and investigate cardiovascular conditions in the elderly. - **Major Findings:** Association between echocardiographic parameters and all-cause mortality, gender differences in atherosclerosis, and the role of genetic factors. - **Methods Update:** Repeated measures of non-coronary atherosclerosis, advanced imaging techniques, and genetic studies. **Endocrine Diseases:** - **Objectives:** Study frequency and etiology of endocrine disorders, including diabetes, osteoporosis, and thyroid diseases. - **Major Findings:** Association of hormone levels with locomotor diseases, osteoporosis, and other chronic conditions. - **Methods Update:** DXA-based BMD measurements, X-ray examinations, and genetic studies. **Liver Diseases:** - **Objectives:** Study prevalence and incidence of liver disease, focusing on fibrosis and steatosis. - **Major Findings:** Association of genetic and environmental factors with liver function and disease. - **Methods Update:** Abdominal ultrasonography, elastography, and genetic studies. **Neurological Diseases:** - **Objectives:** Study frequency, etiology, and early recognition of neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases. - **Major Findings:** Prevalence and incidence of dementia, Parkinson's disease, and stroke, and the role of vascular pathology. - **Methods Update:** Neuroimaging, cognitive function assessments, and neurodegenerative disease evaluations. **Ophthalmic Diseases:** - **Objectives:** Study frequency and risk factors of chronic ophthalmic diseases. - **Major Findings:** Prevalence and risk factors of age-related macular degeneration, open-angle glaucoma, and retinal vessel diameters. - **Methods Update:** Ophthalmic measurements, imaging techniques, and genetic studies. **Psychiatric Diseases:** - **Objectives:** Investigate determinants, correlates, and consequences of common psychiatric problems. - **Major Findings:** Incidence and recurrence of depression, relationships between sleep duration and psychiatric disorders, and genetic studies. - **Methods Update:** Psychiatric examinations, self-reported histories, and genetic studies. **Respiratory Diseases:** - **Objectives:** Study incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and its risk factors. - **Major Findings:** Incidence rate of COPD, association with systemic inflammation, and clinical outcomes. -The Rotterdam Study is a prospective cohort study initiated in 1989 in Rotterdam, Netherlands, focusing on cardiovascular, endocrine, hepatic, neurological, ophthalmic, psychiatric, and respiratory diseases. As of 2008, the study included 14,926 participants aged 45 years or older. The study has been approved by ethical review boards and has been updated with new examination cycles and methods. **Cardiovascular Diseases:** - **Objectives:** Study risk factors for atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, detect high-risk individuals, and investigate cardiovascular conditions in the elderly. - **Major Findings:** Association between echocardiographic parameters and all-cause mortality, gender differences in atherosclerosis, and the role of genetic factors. - **Methods Update:** Repeated measures of non-coronary atherosclerosis, advanced imaging techniques, and genetic studies. **Endocrine Diseases:** - **Objectives:** Study frequency and etiology of endocrine disorders, including diabetes, osteoporosis, and thyroid diseases. - **Major Findings:** Association of hormone levels with locomotor diseases, osteoporosis, and other chronic conditions. - **Methods Update:** DXA-based BMD measurements, X-ray examinations, and genetic studies. **Liver Diseases:** - **Objectives:** Study prevalence and incidence of liver disease, focusing on fibrosis and steatosis. - **Major Findings:** Association of genetic and environmental factors with liver function and disease. - **Methods Update:** Abdominal ultrasonography, elastography, and genetic studies. **Neurological Diseases:** - **Objectives:** Study frequency, etiology, and early recognition of neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases. - **Major Findings:** Prevalence and incidence of dementia, Parkinson's disease, and stroke, and the role of vascular pathology. - **Methods Update:** Neuroimaging, cognitive function assessments, and neurodegenerative disease evaluations. **Ophthalmic Diseases:** - **Objectives:** Study frequency and risk factors of chronic ophthalmic diseases. - **Major Findings:** Prevalence and risk factors of age-related macular degeneration, open-angle glaucoma, and retinal vessel diameters. - **Methods Update:** Ophthalmic measurements, imaging techniques, and genetic studies. **Psychiatric Diseases:** - **Objectives:** Investigate determinants, correlates, and consequences of common psychiatric problems. - **Major Findings:** Incidence and recurrence of depression, relationships between sleep duration and psychiatric disorders, and genetic studies. - **Methods Update:** Psychiatric examinations, self-reported histories, and genetic studies. **Respiratory Diseases:** - **Objectives:** Study incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and its risk factors. - **Major Findings:** Incidence rate of COPD, association with systemic inflammation, and clinical outcomes. -